Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Migueres, Marion; Lhomme, Sébastien; Izopet, Jacques

doi:10.3390/v13101900

Cited by 83 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(129 reference statements)

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“…Immunizations are also important for reducing STI, especially sexually transmitted hepatitis viruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks are sporadic but often involve MSM through oral-anal sexual activity among the unvaccinated (31). HAV vaccination should be offered to all MSM and persons engaging in sexual activities that facilitate transmission (32).…”

Section: Bowel Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive Health in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations

et al. 2022

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It has been over 50 years since the Stonewall Inn Riots in June 1969, a seminal event for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and other sexual and gender-diverse minorities (LGBTQI1, or lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and everyone else) rights movement. However, sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals still face discrimination and harassment due to their sexual orientation or gender identity. As such, the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities has identified SGM communities as a "health disparity population." Broadly, there are higher rates of sexually transmitted infections, substance use and abuse, mental health conditions, obesity and eating disorders, certain cancers (breast, cervical, and anorectal), and cardiovascular disease in SGM communities. Transgender patients, especially those of color, are more likely to be uninsured, experience discrimination, and be denied health care than cisgender patients. In addition, SGM individuals have twice the risk of lifetime exposure to emotional, physical, and sexual trauma compared with heterosexuals. It is expected all these factors would negatively affect digestive health as well. This review summarizes the effects of social determinants of health and discrimination on health care access, highlights important digestive diseases to consider in the SGM population, and offers solutions to improve and prioritize the health of these communities. We aim to draw attention to SGM-specific issues that affect gastrointestinal health and spur research that is desperately lacking.

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Section: Bowel Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digestive Health in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations

et al. 2022

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“…In most cases, the symptoms caused by infections with HAV and HEV are relatively mild, with most infected patients making a full recovery. People in low-income countries, where sanitary and conditions are poor, are easily infected with these two viruses [ 41 ]. On the other hand, HBV and HCV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis.…”

Section: Hepatitis Viruses and Cholesterol Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Hepatitis, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Cholesterol-Lowering Natural Compounds

Liou

Mani

Yen

2022

IJMS

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Hepatitis is defined as inflammation of the liver; it can be acute or chronic. In chronic cases, the prolonged inflammation gradually damages the liver, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and sometimes liver failure or cancer. Hepatitis is often caused by viral infections. The most common causes of viral hepatitis are the five hepatitis viruses—hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV). While HAV and HEV rarely (or do not) cause chronic hepatitis, a considerable proportion of acute hepatitis cases caused by HBV (sometimes co-infected with HDV) and HCV infections become chronic. Thus, many medical researchers have focused on the treatment of HBV and HCV. It has been documented that host lipid metabolism, particularly cholesterol metabolism, is required for the hepatitis viral infection and life cycle. Thus, manipulating host cholesterol metabolism-related genes and proteins is a strategy used in fighting the viral infections. Efforts have been made to evaluate the efficacy of cholesterol-lowering drugs, particularly 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, in the treatment of hepatitis viral infections; promising results have been obtained. This review provides information on the relationships between hepatitis viruses and host cholesterol metabolism/homeostasis, as well as the discovery/development of cholesterol-lowering natural phytochemicals that could potentially be applied in the treatment of viral hepatitis.

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“…Hepatitis A virus (HAV), which was first identified and characterized in 1973, is a non-enveloped virus of 27 nanometers in diameter that belongs to the family Picornaviridae and genus Hepatovirus. 11, 12 Molecular analysis of the HAV genome revealed a single positive-strand RNA of 7.5 kilobases (kb) in length with a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a huge polyprotein. 13 There are two forms of the infectious virion: the quasi-enveloped virions commonly found in the blood, and naked virions usually excreted in the feces.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12, 13 On rare occasions, transmission could also happen through blood transfusion, sexual activities, and organ transplantation. 12 Moreover, there are specific risk groups reported to be more susceptible to hepatitis A particularly in developed countries, such as travelers to endemic countries, men who have sex with men, drug users, people with chronic liver disease, and HIV patients. 12, 19 HAV infection typically does not progress to chronicity.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

Hokinson¹,

Sanjaya²,

Jo³

2022

Explor Res Hypothesis Med

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The world has witnessed increased incidences of severe acute hepatitis in children since early 2021, in which the total number of global cases was over 1,000 in July 2022. Those cases of severe acute hepatitis were intriguing, as they were not caused by the common hepatitis A-E viruses. Additionally, the cause remains unknown to date, thus named as severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. The World Health Organization, supported by regional and national health agencies, has issued the working case definitions in order to closely monitor the development of this disease worldwide. As one of its member states, Indonesia has also adopted the case definitions and subsequently issued a health decree to increase public awareness and to conduct an early surveillance on this illness. It remains to be seen whether this updated public health policy would be successful to control the numbers of cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in Indonesia.

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Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, High-Risk Groups, Prevention and Research on Antiviral Treatment

Cited by 83 publications

References 120 publications

Digestive Health in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations

Digestive Health in Sexual and Gender Minority Populations

Viral Hepatitis, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Cholesterol-Lowering Natural Compounds

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

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