Hepatitis A: Immune Response and Virus Evolution

Pintó, Rosa M.; Bosch, Albert; Kaplan, Gerardo

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_13

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 140 publications

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“…HAV-specific CD8 + T cells hold the main role in the apoptosis of infected hepatocytes during HAV infection, in which specific CD8 + T cells are not only contributing to the viral clearance, but also causing liver damage, particularly if this happens in an extended time and/or excessive manner. 26 In addition, elevated levels of interleukin-15 (IL-15) in the sera of hepatitis A patients induced the cytolytic activity of non-specific CD8 + T cells toward both infected and uninfected hepatocytes. 21 Genetic variations and mutations in certain individuals also contributed to higher levels of cytolytic activity of Natural Killer (NK) and Natural Killer T (NKT) cells against hepatocytes.…”

Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

Hokinson¹,

Sanjaya²,

Jo³

2022

Explor Res Hypothesis Med

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The world has witnessed increased incidences of severe acute hepatitis in children since early 2021, in which the total number of global cases was over 1,000 in July 2022. Those cases of severe acute hepatitis were intriguing, as they were not caused by the common hepatitis A-E viruses. Additionally, the cause remains unknown to date, thus named as severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology. The World Health Organization, supported by regional and national health agencies, has issued the working case definitions in order to closely monitor the development of this disease worldwide. As one of its member states, Indonesia has also adopted the case definitions and subsequently issued a health decree to increase public awareness and to conduct an early surveillance on this illness. It remains to be seen whether this updated public health policy would be successful to control the numbers of cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in Indonesia.

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Section: Hepatitis a Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

Hokinson¹,

Sanjaya²,

Jo³

2022

Explor Res Hypothesis Med

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“…Enteric viruses are essentially transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Patients suffering from viral diarrhea may shed large amounts of viruses in their feces which may reach more than 1010 norovirus genome copies per gram of stool, up to 1011 HAV genome copies per gram of stool, and around 108 HAV genome copies per gram of stool which occurs during the period of virus incubation and early acute phase of infection [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Infections as a Cause of Foodborne Illness

M¹

2017

VIJ

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Different enteric viruses, including norovirus (NoV), rotavirus (RV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) may infect persons after ingestion of contaminated food and water and are shed through stool. NoV and HAV are currently established as the most common human foodborne viruses, which may lead to widespread outbreaks. The enteric viruses can cause wide range of diseases such as gastroenteritis, hepatitis, meningitis, Flaccid paralysis, fever, and respiratory diseases. The transmission of enteric foodborne viruses may be occurred during the consumption of contaminated raw, semi-cooked bivalve molluscan shellfish. In addition, poor personal hygiene during food preparation as well as surfaces used for food preparation were considered.

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“…Patients suffering from viral gastroenteritis may shed very high numbers of viruses in their feces, for example, may reach over 10 10 NoV genome copies per gram (gc/g) of stool [2], while it is estimated that as many as 3 Â 10 7 virus particles are released in a single episode of vomiting [3]. Fecal shedding of HAV reaches its maximum, up to 10 11 gc/g just before the onset of symptoms, at which point there is the maximum risk of fecal-oral transmission [4 ]. For HEV, peak shedding of the virus (around 10 8 gc/g) occurs during the incubation period and early acute phase of disease [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foodborne viruses

Bosch

Pintó

Guix

2016

Current Opinion in Food Science

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Among the wide variety of viral agents liable to be found as food contaminants, noroviruses and hepatitis A virus are responsible for most well characterized foodborne virus outbreaks. Additionally, hepatitis E virus has emerged as a potential zoonotic threat.Molecular methods, including an ISO standard, are available for norovirus and hepatitis A virus detection in foodstuffs, although the significance of genome copy detection with regard to the associated health risk is yet to be determined through viability assays.More precise and rapid methods for early foodborne outbreak investigation are being developed and they will need to be validated versus the ISO standard. In addition, protocols for next-generation sequencing characterization of outbreak-related samples must be developed, harmonized and validated as well.

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Hepatitis A: Immune Response and Virus Evolution

Cited by 6 publications

References 140 publications

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

Severe Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Etiology in Indonesia: What Has Been Learned?

Viral Infections as a Cause of Foodborne Illness

Foodborne viruses

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