Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses: a review of viral genomes, viral induced host immune responses, genotypic distributions and worldwide epidemiology

Saeed, Umar; Waheed, Yasir; Ashraf, Muhammad Usman

doi:10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60322-4

Cited by 34 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…It has been reported that more than 21204 people were infected with dengue in November 2010 after a worst flood in Punjab [11] . The prevalence of viral infections is unfortunately increasing day by day in developing countries due to limited awareness among the general population [12,13] . Although a new vaccine for dengue fever has proven safe in nonhuman primates, a lot of efforts are required to supply effective vaccines at minimal cost.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan

Saeed

Piracha

2016

WJV

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Pakistan is a developing country that has a population of 190 million people and faces a huge burden of viral diseases. Every year during monsoon season heavy rain fall and lack of disaster management skills potentially increase the transmission of waterborne diseases, vector borne diseases and viral outbreaks. Due to severe flooding, thousands of people lose their lives and millions are displaced each year. In most of the cases the children who lose their family members are forced into illegal professions of begging, child labor and prostitution which make them prone to sexually transmitted infections. Up to date, no scientific study has been conducted nationwide to illustrate epidemiological patterns of waterborne diseases, vector borne diseases and viral epidemics during flash flood. Mosquito sprays would not be a sufficient approach for dengue eradication; mass awareness, larvicide and biological control by Guppy fishes are also effective strategies to overcome dengue problem. International health bodies and non-governmental organizations must take note of this alerting situation and take adequate steps such as financial/medical aid in order to defeat the after-effects of flood. Core tip:In Pakistan every year monsoon brings havoc in term of devastating flood. Lack of management skills results in increased transmission of waterborne diseases, vector borne diseases and viral outbreaks. Due to severe flooding, thousands of people lose their lives and millions are displaced each year. In most of the cases the children who lose their family members are forced into illegal professions of begging, child labor and prostitution which make them prone to sexually transmitted infections.Saeed U, Piracha ZZ. Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan. World

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Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan

Saeed

Piracha

2016

WJV

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“…HCV infectionin homeless people, a population mainly composed of men [10–12], can be conceptualized by the interaction of individual, social, and programmatic vulnerabilities that expose this population to risk factors that can increase their risk for infection [9]. Injection and not injection drug use, sharing paraphernalia for drug use, tattoos, sharing of personal care items, prior incarceration, and sexual risk behaviors have been associated with HCV infection in this population [13, 14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to hepatitis C virus in homeless men in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHomeless men are highly vulnerable to acquisition of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to the general population. In Brazil, a country of continental dimensions, the extent of HCV infection in this population remains unknown. The objective of this study is to investigate the epidemiological profile of exposure to HCV in homeless men in Central Brazil.MethodsA Cross-sectional study was conducted in 481 men aged over 18 years attending therapeutic communities specialized in the recovery and reintegration of homeless people. Participants were tested for anti-HCV markers using rapid tests. Poisson regression analysis was used to verify the risk factors associated with exposure to HCV.ResultsThe prevalence of HCV exposure was 2.5% (95.0% CI: 1.4 to 4.3%) and was associated with age, absence of family life, injection drug use, number of sexual partners, and history of sexually transmitted infections (STI). Participants reported multiple risk behaviors, such as alcohol (78.9%), cocaine (37.1%) and/or crack use (53.1%), and inconsistent condom use (82.6%). Injection drug use was reported by 8.7% of participants.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HCV infection among homeless men was relatively high. Several risk behaviors were commonly reported, which shows the high vulnerability of this population. These findings emphasize the need for the development of specific strategies to reduce the risk of HCV among homeless men.

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“…Chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis B virus [HBV] and hepatitis C virus [HCV]) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. HBV/HCV–related liver injury constitutes a major risk factor for cirrhosis and HCC . Necroinflammation in viral hepatitis is strongly associated with liver fibrosis progression and hepatocarcinogenesis .…”

Section: Necroptosis In Liver Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HBV/HCV–related liver injury constitutes a major risk factor for cirrhosis and HCC . Necroinflammation in viral hepatitis is strongly associated with liver fibrosis progression and hepatocarcinogenesis . However, the mechanism of both necroptosis and necroinflammation in chronic viral hepatitis remains unclear due to a limited number of studies.…”

Section: Necroptosis In Liver Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necroptotic Cell Death in Liver Transplantation and Underlying Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Perspective

et al. 2019

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Cell death is a natural process for the turnover of aged cells, but it can also arise as a result of pathological conditions. Cell death is recognized as a key feature in both acute and chronic hepatobiliary diseases caused by drug, alcohol, and fat uptake; by viral infection; or after surgical intervention. In the case of chronic disease, cell death can lead to (chronic) secondary inflammation, cirrhosis, and the progression to liver cancer. In liver transplantation, graft preservation and ischemia/reperfusion injury are associated with acute cell death. In both cases, so‐called programmed cell death modalities are involved. Several distinct types of programmed cell death have been described of which apoptosis and necroptosis are the most well known. Parenchymal liver cells, including hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, are susceptible to both apoptosis and necroptosis, which are triggered by distinct signal transduction pathways. Apoptosis is dependent on a proteolytic cascade of caspase enzymes, whereas necroptosis induction is caspase‐independent. Moreover, different from the “silent” apoptotic cell death, necroptosis can cause a secondary inflammatory cascade, so‐called necroinflammation, triggered by the release of various damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These DAMPs activate the innate immune system, leading to both local and systemic inflammatory responses, which can even cause remote organ failure. Therapeutic targeting of necroptosis by pharmacological inhibitors, such as necrostatin‐1, shows variable effects in different disease models.

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Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses: a review of viral genomes, viral induced host immune responses, genotypic distributions and worldwide epidemiology

Cited by 34 publications

References 51 publications

Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan

Viral outbreaks and communicable health hazards due to devastating floods in Pakistan

Exposure to hepatitis C virus in homeless men in Central Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Necroptotic Cell Death in Liver Transplantation and Underlying Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Perspective

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