Hepatitis B Infection in Vanuatu: Age of Acquisition of Infection and Possible Routes of Transmission

Taylor, Richard; Montaville, B; Levy, Sue; Gust, Ian D.; Moreau, Jean‐Paul; Dimitrakakis, Mary; Bach, François; Brethes, B; Laille, M.; DeRoeck, Denise

doi:10.1177/101053958900300306

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The deaths from liver disease and liver cancer are most likely associated with viral hepatitis, although CoD is not available at this level. Hepatitis B antigen carriage in adults ≥20 years was reported as 15 % in 1989 [ 25 ] and 25 % in adult women (mothers) in 1991 [ 26 ]. Successful immunization for hepatitis B in ni-Vanuatu children since the 1990s [ 27 , 28 ] should lead to fewer cases of liver disease in adults in the next generation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of death in Vanuatu

Carter

Tovu

Langati

et al. 2016

Popul Health Metrics

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BackgroundThe population of the Pacific Melanesian country of Vanuatu was 234,000 at the 2009 census. Apart from subsistence activities, economic activity includes tourism and agriculture. Current completeness of vital registration is considered too low to be usable for national statistics; mortality and life expectancy (LE) are derived from indirect demographic estimates from censuses/surveys. Some cause of death (CoD) data are available to provide information on major causes of premature death.MethodsDeaths 2001–2007 were coded for cause (ICDv10) for ages 0–59 years from: hospital separations (HS) (n = 636), hospital medical certificates (MC) of death (n = 1,169), and monthly reports from community health facilities (CHF) (n = 1,212). Ill-defined causes were 3 % for hospital deaths and 20 % from CHF. Proportional mortality was calculated by cause (excluding ill-defined) and age group (0–4, 5–14 years), and also by sex for 15–59 years. From total deaths by broad age group and sex from 1999 and 2009 census analyses, community deaths were estimated by deduction of hospital deaths MC. National proportional mortality by cause was estimated by a weighted average of MC and CHF deaths.ResultsNational estimates indicate main causes of deaths <5 years were: perinatal disorders (45 %) and malaria, diarrhea, and pneumonia (27 %). For 15–59 years, main causes of male deaths were: circulatory disease 27 %, neoplasms 13 %, injury 13 %, liver disease 10 %, infection 10 %, diabetes 7 %, and chronic respiratory disease 7 %; and for females: neoplasms 29 %, circulatory disease 15 %, diabetes 10 %, infection 9 %, and maternal deaths 8 %. Infection included tuberculosis, malaria, and viral hepatitis. Liver disease (including hepatitis and cancer) accounted for 18 % of deaths in adult males and 9 % in females. Non-communicable disease (NCD), including circulatory disease, diabetes, neoplasm, and chronic respiratory disease, accounted for 52 % of premature deaths in adult males and 60 % in females. Injuries accounted for 13 % in adult males and 6 % in females. Maternal deaths translate into an annual maternal mortality ratio of 130/100,000 for the period.ConclusionVanuatu manifests a double burden of disease with significant proportional mortality from perinatal disorders and infection/pneumonia <5 years and maternal mortality, coupled with significant proportional mortality in adults (15–59 years) from cardiovascular disease (CVD), neoplasms, and diabetes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of death in Vanuatu

Carter

Tovu

Langati

et al. 2016

Popul Health Metrics

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“…The rate of transmission from mother to infant depends upon maternal infectivity; it is approximately 85% if she is e antigen (HBeAg) positive and 31% if HBeAg negative.82 In South-east Asia, perinatal infection is more common because of the larger proportion of HBeAg positive parturient women, as compared with Africa, Middle East and Arctic where fewer than 20% of HBsAg positive mothers are also HBeAg positive.8'85 In high and intermediate endemic areas, substantial transmission also occurs during the early childhood period from infected family members, at schools and in institutions.82 [86][87][88] Beasley8' reported that in Taiwan, 10-6% of preschool children seroconverted during a 2 year follow up. A significant correlation between the frequency of injections, particularly those administered in rural hospitals, and the incidence of HBV infections in children has also been reported, indicating that contaminated needles is another source of infection.…”

Section: Hepatitis Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexually transmitted diseases in children: herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B virus infection and molluscum contagiosum.

Nageswaran¹,

Kinghorn²

1993

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Significance of blood-related high-risk behaviors and horizontal transmission of hepatitis B Virus in Iran

Abedi

Madani

Asadi³

et al. 2011

Arch Virol

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and approximately 30% of the world's population is infected with HBV. The objective of our study was to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and major risk factors associated with its occurrence. Four thousand eighty-seven healthy Iranian subjects aged 8-80 years were screened for HBV serological markers by an enzyme immunoassay method. A structured questionnaire was administered to all participants. Multiple logistic regression, an unpaired t-test for continuous data and the χ (2) test for categorical data were performed. A total of 4087 participants were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), of which 62 (1.5%) were seropositive. Fifteen percent of the subjects were positive for anti-HBs, 6.3% were positive for isolated anti-HBc and 12.5% were positive for both anti-HBs and anti-HBc. Laborers showed a higher HBsAg(+) seroprevalence and risk compared with jobless participants (Pearson's = 8.276, P = 0.004; OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.5-11.2). Bivariate logistic regression revealed that the following variables were significantly associated with HBV seropositivity: phlebotomy (P = 0.002; OR = 5.0, 95% CI: 2.1-11.9), tattooing (P = 0.003; OR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.6-7.0), intravenous drug use (P = 0.001; OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4-4.1). The adjusted prevalence ratios remained significantly associated with HBV seropositivity and thus likely served as possible risk factors for HBV. The overall positive seroprevalence was 1.5%. Among the variables, only phlebotomy, tattooing and intravenous drug injection emerged as major potential risk factors for hepatitis B infection and responsible for transmission of the disease.

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Hepatitis B Infection in Vanuatu: Age of Acquisition of Infection and Possible Routes of Transmission

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Causes of death in Vanuatu

Causes of death in Vanuatu

Sexually transmitted diseases in children: herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B virus infection and molluscum contagiosum.

Significance of blood-related high-risk behaviors and horizontal transmission of hepatitis B Virus in Iran

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