Hepatitis c and cirrhotic liver disease in the Nile delta of Egypt: a community-based study.

Darwish, Mahmoud; Faris, Rifky; Darwish, N. M.; Shouman, Ahmed; Gadallah, Mohsen; El-Sharkawy, Mohamed S.; Edelman, Robert; Grumbach, Kathryn; Rao, Malla R.; Clemens, John D.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2001.64.147

Cited by 81 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The strong association of cirrhosis and HCC was supported by the evidences of its intermediating role in the pathogenesis of HCC due to chronic viral hepatitis [14]. In contrast to cirrhosis, the observed association between blood transfusion and HCC might be accounted for by its role in transmission of viral infection [15,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In Egypt, several hospital-or community-based studies have tried to identify and establish associations between viral hepatitis and HCC over a decade [14,16,26,27]. The potential mode of transmission of HCV through occupational exposures and parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy (PAT) has also been discussed [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, the prevalence of HCV infection is one of the highest in the world [8]. Several reports showed seropositivity for HCV ranging from 12.7% in seashore governorate to 36.3% in the Nile delta region of Egypt [9,10] with an overall estimate of approximately 22% [11][12][13][14][15]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was found at high rates, but after increase in HCV prevalence the rates of HBV declined [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiologic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rural region of Egypt

et al. 2010

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Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem worldwide, including Egypt. In the recent past, HCC has become the second most prevalent cancer among men in Egypt. Since HCC has not been well studied in the rural population of Egypt, this case-control study was conducted to investigate the epidemiologic risk factors of HCC in the predominantly rural region of Gharbiah, Egypt. Methods A total of 150 cases and 150 controls matched to cases on age (±5 years) and sex were recruited from the Gharbiah Cancer Society and Tanta Cancer Center. Exposure data were collected by an interviewer-administered standardized questionnaire about epidemiologic, occupational, medical and family history of HCC. Conditional logistic regression was utilized to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The effect modification of HCC risk between viral infection and environmental risk factors was also assessed.Results Being an industrial worker was an independent risk for developing HCC (OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.18, 10.63) after adjusting for viral infection, schistosomiasis and tobacco smoking. High relative risk of HCC was observed among HCV-infected individuals who were farmers (OR 9.60, 95% CI 3.72, 24.76), industrial workers (OR 12.90, 95% CI 4.33, 38.43) or active smokers (OR 5.95, 95% CI 2.20, 16.08). Conclusion Occupational exposure may play an important role in the development of HCC. Farming, industrial exposures and cigarette smoking may increase the risk of HCC among HCV-seropositive individuals. Future research focusing on mechanisms of occupational exposures among HCV patients in this population is needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiologic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rural region of Egypt

et al. 2010

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“…26 Others also reported that HCV infection with genotype 4a was the main cause of chronic liver disease in 135 adult patients living in Alexandria 27 and in 801 residents of a Nile Delta community. 28 Case-control studies have shown that both HBV and HCV infection increase the risk of HCC (adjusted odds ratios of [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Because the prevalence of infections with HCV in the country is so much higher than the prevalence of HBV infections, the attributable fraction of HCV (60%-70%) and the anti-HCV rate (75%-90%) has become the greatest risk factor for HCC in Egypt.…”

Section: Magnitude Of Hcv-caused Chronic Liver Disease In Egyptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liver disease in Egypt: Hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors

2006

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In Egypt, schistosomiasis was traditionally the most important public health problem and infection with Schistosoma mansoni the major cause of liver disease. From the 1950s until the 1980s, the Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOH) undertook large control campaigns using intravenous tartar emetic, the standard treatment for schistosomiasis, as community-wide therapy. This commendable effort to control a major health problem unfortunately established a very large reservoir of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the country. By the mid-1980s, the effective oral drug, praziquantel, replaced tartar emetic as treatment for schistosomiasis in the entire country. This both reduced schistosomal transmission and disease and interrupted the "occult" HCV epidemic. It was evident when diagnostic serology became available in the 1990s that HCV had replaced schistosomiasis as the predominant cause of chronic liver disease. Epidemiological studies reported a high prevalence and incidence of HCV, particularly within families in rural areas endemic for schistosomiasis. Clinical studies showed 70% to 90% of patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma had HCV infections. Co-infections with schistosomiasis caused more severe liver disease than infection with HCV alone. Schistosomiasis was reported to cause an imbalance in HCV-specific T-cell responses leading to increased viral load, a higher probability of HCV chronicity, and more rapid progression of complications in co-infected persons. As complications of HCV usually occur after 20 years of infection, the peak impact of the Egyptian outbreak has not yet occurred. Efforts have been initiated by the Egyptian MOH to prevent new infections and complications of HCV in the estimated 6 million infected persons. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:915-922.)

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“…Additionally, World Health Organization (WHO) fact sheets indicate that 130-150 million people globally have chronic hepatitis C infection, of which a significant number would develop liver cirrhosis or liver cancer and 500,000 yly mortality due to complications of late-stage liver diseases. In Egypt, the problem is even worse [4,5]. Approximately 20% of Egyptian blood donors are anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) positive [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Silybum Marianum Cultures Grown on Different Growth Regulators

Mekky

Sohafy

El-khair

et al. 2017

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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Objective: The present study was designed to study the effect of supplementing Silybum marianum cultures with different combinations and concentrations of growth regulators on the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the produced cultures. Methods:The total polyphenolic content of 23 extracts of calli was calculated as µg of gallic acid/mg of dry weight extract (DWE) using FolinCiocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was calculated as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay for extracts containing more than 10 µg gallic acid/mg DWE.Results: Most of the combinations showed an increase in the total polyphenolic concentration compared to the wild plant. However, cultures grown on media supplemented with combinations of benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and gebberellic acid (Gb), adenine (Ad) and kinetin (Kin), BAP and indole acetic acid (IAA) possessed the highest total polyphenolic contents 20.5, 13.09 and 12.15 µg gallic acid/mg DWE, respectively. However, only (BAP+Gb), (BAP+1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), IAA, kin and (BAP+Ad) showed a significant increase in the antioxidant activity calculated as trolox equivalent with 2.65, 1.56, 1.56, 1.35 and 1.22 folds increase over the wild plant, respectively. Conclusion:The results obtained clearly indicated that changing the growth regulator system of Silybum marianum cultures serves as an easy and reliable method for increasing the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of cultures.

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Hepatitis c and cirrhotic liver disease in the Nile delta of Egypt: a community-based study.

Cited by 81 publications

References 25 publications

Epidemiologic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rural region of Egypt

Epidemiologic risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in a rural region of Egypt

Liver disease in Egypt: Hepatitis C superseded schistosomiasis as a result of iatrogenic and biological factors

Total Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Silybum Marianum Cultures Grown on Different Growth Regulators

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