Hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV infection among Egyptian prisoners: Seroprevalence, risk factors and related chronic liver diseases

Mohamed, Hany M.; Saad, Zienab M; Abd-Elreheem, Ehab M.; Abdel-Ghany, Wael M; Mohamed, Mohamed S.; Elnaeem, Emad Allam Abd; Seedhom, Amany Edward

doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2012.12.003

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The convergence of vulnerability and risks in prison is not unique to the region; similar situations have been reported in both developing [87,121,166] and developed countries [167–169]. HIV and HCV prevalence levels among incarcerated populations in MENA are also broadly consistent with those found globally [1–3].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Tattooing inside prison was associated with an increased risk of HIV infection (OR of 1.3 [62] and 1.8 [67] in Iran, and 2.8 in Egypt [87]) and HCV infection (OR of 2.0 in Iran) [83]. History of tattooing was found to be a significant risk factor for HCV infection in other studies in Iran including among prisoners (OR of 2.1 [52] and 100 [80]) and imprisoned PWID (OR of 1.8 [82], 2.3 [67], and 2.3 [54]).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tattooing and use of non-sterile toiletries (brushes and razors) were found to be significant risk factors for HIV infection in an Egyptian prison (tattooing: OR of 2.8; toiletries: OR of 3.9) [87]. Use of non-sterile razors was found to be a significant predictor of HCV infection in a Pakistani prison (OR of 18.0) [56].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The illegal and sensitive nature of risk behaviours, as well as social desirability, may have biased reported results in included studies, especially those with questions pertaining to sexual behaviour in an all-male environment. A number of studies highlighted the exclusion of questions about sexual behaviour in prison as a limitation of their data collection [58,72,79,82,87,142]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

Heijnen

Mumtaz

Abu‐Raddad

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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IntroductionThe status of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among incarcerated populations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the links between prisons and the HIV epidemic are poorly understood. This review synthesized available HIV and HCV data in prisons in MENA and highlighted opportunities for action.MethodsThe review was based on data generated through the systematic searches of the MENA HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2003 to December 15, 2015) and the MENA HCV Epidemiology Synthesis Project (2011 to December 15, 2015). Sources of data included peer-reviewed publications and country-level reports and databases.Results and discussionWe estimated a population of 496,000 prisoners in MENA, with drug-related offences being a major cause for incarceration. Twenty countries had data on HIV among incarcerated populations with a median prevalence of 0.6% in Afghanistan, 6.1% in Djibouti, 0.01% in Egypt, 2.5% in Iran, 0% in Iraq, 0.1% in Jordan, 0.05% in Kuwait, 0.7% in Lebanon, 18.0% in Libya, 0.7% in Morocco, 0.3% in Oman, 1.1% in Pakistan, 0% in Palestine, 1.2% in Saudi Arabia, 0% in Somalia, 5.3% in Sudan and South Sudan, 0.04% in Syria, 0.05% in Tunisia, and 3.5% in Yemen. Seven countries had data on HCV, with a median prevalence of 1.7% in Afghanistan, 23.6% in Egypt, 28.1% in Lebanon, 15.6% in Pakistan, and 37.8% in Iran. Syria and Libya had only one HCV prevalence measure each at 1.5% and 23.7%, respectively. There was strong evidence for injecting drug use and the use of non-sterile injecting-equipment in prisons. Incarceration and injecting drugs, use of non-sterile injecting-equipment, and tattooing in prisons were found to be independent risk factors for HIV or HCV infections. High levels of sexual risk behaviour, tattooing and use of non-sterile razors among prisoners were documented.ConclusionsPrisons play an important role in HIV and HCV dynamics in MENA and have facilitated the emergence of large HIV epidemics in at least two countries, Iran and Pakistan. There is evidence for substantial but variable HIV and HCV prevalence, as well as risk behaviour including injecting drug use and unprotected sex among prisoners across countries. These findings highlight the need for comprehensive harm-reduction strategies in prisons.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

Heijnen

Mumtaz

Abu‐Raddad

2016

Journal of the International AIDS Society

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“…If TasP efforts are to have a beneficial impact on HIV incidence, the authors suggest, the under-diagnosis and under-treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS in prison systems must be addressed [33]. The studies from Ukraine and Zambia underline the important burden of co-infections described in many recent studies from prison settings, including high seroprevalences of hepatitis B and C [32,33,35–38] and TB [33,34,38–42]. …”

Section: Hiv Prevalence/riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incarceration of People Living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for Treatment-as-Prevention

2014

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Contact with the criminal justice system, including incarceration, is a common experience for many people living with HIV/AIDS. Optimism has recently been expressed that correctional facilities could be important locations for Treatment-as-Prevention (TasP)-based initiatives. We review recent findings regarding the effect of incarceration on patterns of HIV transmission, testing, treatment initiation and retention. We found that the prevalence of HIV infection among incarcerated individuals remains higher than analogous non-incarcerated populations. Recent studies have shown that voluntary HIV/AIDS testing is feasible in many correctional facilities, although the number of previously undiagnosed individuals identified has been modest. Studies have implied enhanced linkage to HIV/AIDS treatment and care in jails in the United States was associated with improvements in the HIV cascade of care. However, for many individuals living with HIV/AIDS, exposure to the correctional system remains an important barrier to retention in HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Future research should evaluate structural interventions to address these barriers and facilitate the scale-up of TasP-based efforts among individuals living in correctional settings.

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Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2022

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Hepatitis C, hepatitis B and HIV infection among Egyptian prisoners: Seroprevalence, risk factors and related chronic liver diseases

Cited by 31 publications

References 33 publications

Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

Status of HIV and hepatitis C virus infections among prisoners in the Middle East and North Africa: review and synthesis

Incarceration of People Living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for Treatment-as-Prevention

Global prevalence of hepatitis C in prisoners: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

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