Hepatitis C transmission – where are we now?

Clarke, Amanda; Kulasegaram, Ranjababu

doi:10.1258/095646206775455685

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Classically, parenteral exposition unites many risk factors that are relevant for HCV transmission, such as the use of illegal drugs, hemodialysis, blood transfusion and blood derivatives, tattoos, organ transplants, acupuncture, sharing of straws for drug inhalation, and accidents in health-care workers 12,26,49,58,71,89 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies that discuss specific groups, such as those who attend clinics for sexually transmitted diseases like drug abusers, homosexuals and sex workers, reveal findings that differ from those of the general population, and the risks of sexual transmission of HCV increase considerably 12,15,18,23,25,26,37,51,61,65,68,69,83,85,91 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Does it depend on the population studied? Can risk behavior alter contamination potential 27,34,74 ?Classically, parenteral exposition unites many risk factors that are relevant for HCV transmission, such as the use of illegal drugs, hemodialysis, blood transfusion and blood derivatives, tattoos, organ transplants, acupuncture, sharing of straws for drug inhalation, and accidents in health-care workers 12,26,49,58,71,89 .Convincing evidence for the sexual transmission of HCV requires a history of couples having lived together in sexual activity, the absence of other opportunities for infection, and genetic evidence on the virus, demonstrating that both partners are infected by a virus with very similar genomic sequences. The possession of quality information concerning these questions can aid in providing answers to these issues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the majority of studies mention rates of between zero and 3%. These low indexes, associated with rare risk factors, suggest that sexual transmission presents a minimal or negligible risk 18,30,31,44,49,51,54,69,82,83,92 .Studies that discuss specific groups, such as those who attend clinics for sexually transmitted diseases like drug abusers, homosexuals and sex workers, reveal findings that differ from those of the general population, and the risks of sexual transmission of HCV increase considerably 12,15,18,23,25,26,37,51,61,65,68,69,83,85,91 . …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other studies revealed that, in addition to familial contact and sexual behavior, the sharing of items of personal use, such as razor blades, tooth brushes, nail clippers and manicure pliers can be important in the intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C 12,14,16,17,26,29,38,40,49,51,53,55,59,68,73,74,77,78,83,85 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sexual transmission of hepatitis C

Cavalheiro

2007

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYIt is generally agreed that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be efficiently transmitted parenterally, although data on viral transmission by sexual or non-sexual intrafamilial contact are conflicting. Since data collection began in 1989, the first study dealt with the risk of sexual transmission among multiple sex partners. Other investigations followed, emphasizing that risk increases in specific groups such as patients co-infected with HIV and HBV, sex workers, homosexuals, illicit drug users and patients attended at sexually transmittable disease clinics.The question arises as to what might be the risk for monogamous heterosexuals in the general population, in which one of the partners has HCV?The literature provides overall rates that vary from zero to 27%; however, most studies affirm that the chances of sexual transmission are low or almost null, with rates for this mode fluctuating from zero to 3%. Intrafamilial transmission is strongly considered but inconclusive, since when mentioning transmission between sex partners within the same household, specific situations also should be considered, such as the sharing of personal hygiene items, like razorblades, toothbrushes, nail clippers and manicure pliers, which are important risk factors in HCV transmission. In this review, we discuss the hypotheses of sexual and/or intrafamilial transmission.KEYWORDS: Hepatitis C; Transmission; Sexual; Intrafamilial.Patients infected by HCV frequently question whether their infection can be transmitted to their sexual partners, and whether HCV can be transmitted through sexual relations. Common sense suggests that HCV like HBV and HIV can be transmitted through sexual contact, but what is the degree of risk? Does it depend on the population studied? Can risk behavior alter contamination potential 27,34,74 ?Classically, parenteral exposition unites many risk factors that are relevant for HCV transmission, such as the use of illegal drugs, hemodialysis, blood transfusion and blood derivatives, tattoos, organ transplants, acupuncture, sharing of straws for drug inhalation, and accidents in health-care workers 12,26,49,58,71,89 .Convincing evidence for the sexual transmission of HCV requires a history of couples having lived together in sexual activity, the absence of other opportunities for infection, and genetic evidence on the virus, demonstrating that both partners are infected by a virus with very similar genomic sequences. The possession of quality information concerning these questions can aid in providing answers to these issues. However, few studies meet these criteria satisfactorily 22,69,85 . ALTER et al. (1989) 2 presented the first study in which the possibility of HCV transmission was discussed, and considered multiple sex partners as a risk factor. However, the contribution of sexually transmitted HCV remains controversial. In the United States, the Centers for Disease control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that between 20 to 25% of the transmission indexes are associated with sexual contact, although ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual transmission of hepatitis C

Cavalheiro

2007

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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Disorders of the Liver, Biliary System and Exocrine Pancreas in Pregnancy

Kumar

Balki

Williamson

et al. 2010

De Swiet's Medical Disorders in Obstetric Practice

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Risk behaviors for HCV- and HIV-seroprevalence among female crack users in Porto Alegre, Brazil

Diemen

Boni

Kessler

et al. 2009

Arch Womens Ment Health

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Several studies have shown a high prevalence of HIV-seropositive status among crack users, though most refer to North American populations. Few studies evaluate HCV prevalence among female crack users. In addition, there is a particular lack of data about risk behaviors and HIV/HCV prevalence in this population around the world. In order to ascertain the HIV/HCV serostatus and associated risk behaviors for infection of female crack users of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of 73 current female crack users was conducted. Subjects answered NIDA's Risk Behavior Assessment and an AIDS Information Questionnaire. In addition, blood was collected from subjects for HIV/HCV tests. The overall prevalence of HIV was 37.0%; HCV seroprevalence was 27.7%; of 15.1% the sample was co-infected with HIV and HCV. Four years of schooling or fewer (OR 4.72-CI 95%; 1.49-14.99) and having three or more HIV tests in one's lifetime (OR 4.26-CI 95% (1.29-14.04)) were associated with HIV infection (after multivariate logistic regression). The single greatest risk factor for HCV infection was having 4 years of schooling or fewer (OR 4.51-CI 95%; 1.18-17.27). We found a very high prevalence of HIV and HCV infection among female crack users, and low education was the most significant risk factor associated with both infections.

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Hepatitis C transmission – where are we now?

Cited by 37 publications

References 65 publications

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C

Sexual transmission of hepatitis C

Disorders of the Liver, Biliary System and Exocrine Pancreas in Pregnancy

Risk behaviors for HCV- and HIV-seroprevalence among female crack users in Porto Alegre, Brazil

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