Hepatitis C virus infection: a risk factor for <scp>P</scp>arkinson's disease

Wu, Wendy; Kang, Kai-Hsiang; Chen, S. L S; Chiu, Sherry Yueh Hsia; Yen, Amy Ming Fang; Fann, Jean Ching Yuan; Su, Chunping; Liu, H. C.; Lee, C. Z.; Fu, Wen‐Mei; Chen, H. H.; Liou, Horng Huei

doi:10.1111/jvh.12392

Cited by 82 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A number of epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of PD risk following various types of infections and inflammation, including hepatitis C, herpes viruses, influenza, and H. pylori . Interestingly, both vagotomy studies reported an increased PD risk (HR = ∼1.1‐1.2) among the selective/super‐selective vagotomy patients compared to the background population.…”

Section: Protective Effect Of Vagotomymentioning

confidence: 99%

How does parkinson's disease begin? Perspectives on neuroanatomical pathways, prions, and histology

Borghammer

2017

Movement Disorders

120

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multisystem disorder with involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein is central to the pathogenesis of PD, and it has been postulated that the disease may originate in olfactory and gastrointestinal nerve terminals. The prion-like behavior of α-synuclein has been convincingly demonstrated in vitro and in animal models of PD. Lewy-type pathology have been detected in peripheral organs many years prior to PD diagnosis, and 2 independent studies have now suggested that truncal vagotomy may be protective against the disorder. Other lines of evidence are difficult to reconcile with a peripheral onset of PD, most importantly the relative scarcity of post mortem cases with isolated gastrointestinal α-synuclein pathology without concomitant CNS pathology. This Scientific Perspectives article revisits some important topics with implications for the dual-hit hypothesis. An account of the neuroanatomical pathways necessary for stereotypical α-synuclein spreading is presented. Parallels to the existing knowledge on true prion disorders, including Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, are examined. Finally, the vagotomy studies and the somewhat inconsistent findings in the growing literature on peripheral α-synuclein pathology are discussed. It is concluded that the dual-hit hypothesis remains a potential explanation for PD pathogenesis, but several issues need to be resolved before more firm conclusions can be drawn. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

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Section: Protective Effect Of Vagotomymentioning

confidence: 99%

How does parkinson's disease begin? Perspectives on neuroanatomical pathways, prions, and histology

Borghammer

2017

Movement Disorders

120

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“…The association between the Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of PD has been the subject of a recent review, evaluating three large retrospective cohort studies including two nationwide studies and one case control study, with all studies consistently showing an increased risk for PD . Findings from studies in the East have shown an association between only Hepatitis C infection and PD; whereas one retrospective cohort study from the UK found an association between the Hepatitis B and C virus infection with PD, but not with other forms of hepatitis . Large nationwide health‐insurance database and large regional screening programs for Hepatitis, implemented in Taiwan, have enabled this previously unknown association between the Hepatitis C virus and PD to be described, findings of which have been recently replicated in the West in a nationwide UK study, utiliaing the UK HES database…”

Section: Analytical Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mechanisms proposed for the association include, direct Hepatitis C virus infection of the brain and interferon induced Parkinsonism. The Hepatitis C virus has been shown in mouse models to induce neuronal toxicity similar to that of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) . Prospective cohort studies have yet to be performed and further studies are necessary to clarify the potential contributory role of interferon treatment and PD, which has been reported in isolated case reports to induce parkinsonism.…”

Section: Analytical Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease—East Versus West

Abbas

Tan

2017

Movement Disord Clin Pract

132

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Background: The cause of PD at present remains unknown. A number of epidemiological studies have been conducted across the globe to ascertain the disease burden and the possible risk factors. In this review, we analyze the various studies from East and West with an aim to observe the important similarities and differences in the disease occurrence and risk factor profile. Methods: A comprehensive search of descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies was undertaken. The descriptive studies and meta-analysis providing the standardised population rates were selected. The demographics, ethnicity and geographical differences between East and West were analysed. In analytical epidemiology, more established and well-studied non-genetic risk factors for PD were reviewed utilising the prospective cohort studies, case control studies and meta-analysis where available. Results and Conclusion: PD is more common with increasing age and shows male predominance, which is more obvious in Western studies. The PD prevalence and incidence rates are slightly lower in the East compared to the West. Incidence studies on different ethnic populations in the same country have also found a lower occurrence of PD amongst Easterners compared to Westerners. Setting methodological differences aside, studies from East and West suggest a role for both environmental and genetic risk factors in PD causation. Smoking, caffeine intake and pesticide exposure are well-established risk factors across regions. There is a robust data for dairy product consumption, urate levels and physical activity in the West while studies on certain risk factors like head injury and alcohol show conflicting and mixed results.Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and in the majority of cases, its cause remains unknown. Epidemiology refers to the study of distribution and determinants of health related events and their application in the control of diseases. 1In descriptive epidemiology, time, place, and person define the health events; while analytical epidemiology helps to identify and quantify the relationship between exposure and a particular health outcome. 1The epidemiological studies determining race and ethnicity help us to understand the roles of, and interaction between, genetic and environmental factors in disease causation. 2In the present review, we analyze the epidemiological features of PD patients between Western and Eastern countries. The division of East and West is not clear, as the definition varies depending on whether historical, geographical, economic, cultural, or political factors are considered. In this review, we have adopted the cultural definition that considers Asia, and the Middle East as "Eastern" countries; Russia, Europe, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand as "Western" countries. West studies. In addition, the results of relevant meta-analysis were also discussed.There are a number of PD descriptive epidemiology studies in the literature. The comparison of these studies rem...

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“…Further, it interferes with the function of neurons and their homeostasis of the nervous system, leading to the generation of neuronal damage and neurodegeneration (De Chiara et al, 2012). The infective agents affect the neurological system and cause neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, and ALS (Alkhawajah et al, 2015;Bourgade et al, 2015;DeVaughn et al, 2015;Wu et al, 2015b). Further, progressive infective neurodegeneration occurs with a wide range of molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to deterioration or loss of neurons in the CNS.…”

Section: Neuroinfection-associated Neurodegenerative Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%