Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: Transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy

Preciado, María Victoria; Valva, Pamela; Escobar‐Gutiérrez, Alejandro; Rahal, Paula; Ruiz‐Tovar, Karina; Yamasaki, Lílian Hiromi Tomonari; Vazquez-Chacon, Carlos A.; Martínez-Guarneros, Armando; Carpio-Pedroza, Juan Carlos; Fonseca-Coronado, Salvador; Cruz-Rivera, Mayra

doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.15992

Cited by 60 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 254 publications

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“…HCV is a small singlestranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) of positive polarity, and is an enveloped virus belonging to the Hepacivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family [5] .…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future

Abdel-Ghaffar

Sira

Naghi

2015

WJH

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 4 represents 12%-15% (15-18 million) of total global HCV infection. It is prevalent in Northern and Equatorial Africa and the Middle East, and is also present in some countries in Europe. GT-4 (and subtype 4a in particular) dominates the HCV epidemic in Egypt. In underdeveloped countries, risk factors associated with HCV infection may be due to unsafe medical practices or other factors such as familial transmission, mother's HCV status, or illiteracy. HCV prevention and control programs should include health education, increased community awareness towards the disease, controlling infection distribution in healthcare centers, proper sterilization of medical and dental instruments, and ensuring safe supply of blood and blood-products. Response rates to a 48-wk combined pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) treatment range from 40%-69%, and HCV-GT-4 has been considered better than GT-1 but worse than GT-2 and GT-3 in treatment with PEG-IFN/RBV. However, with the introduction of the HCV-GT-1 effective protease inhibitors boceprevir and telaprevir in 2011, HCV-GT-4 became the "most difficult (GT) to treat". Recently, the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) with pan-genotypic activities simeprevir, sofosbuvir, and daclatasvir have been recommended in triple regimens with PEG-IFN/RBV for the treatment of HCV-GT-4. An IFN-free regimen will be available for treatment of all genotypes of HCV in the near future. To date, several DAAs have been developed and are currently being evaluated in various combinations in clinical trials. As new regimens and new agents are being approved by the Food and Drug Administration, we can expect the guidelines for HCV treatment to be changed. The availability of shorter, simpler, and more tolerable treatment regimens can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HCV infection. With such a large number of therapeutic agents available, we can end up with a range of choices that we can select from to treat patients.

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“…HCV is a small singlestranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) of positive polarity, and is an enveloped virus belonging to the Hepacivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family [5] .…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future

Abdel-Ghaffar

Sira

Naghi

2015

WJH

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“…Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has an estimated global prevalence of 2%‐3% with 130‐170 million people infected with HCV . HCV causes chronic inflammation of the liver leading to chronic hepatitis, which can advance to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and significant extrahepatic complications . Additionally, HCV has been shown to have a significant negative effect on a patient's overall quality of life, including decreased work hours and productivity and increased health care costs .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1) HCV causes chronic inflammation of the liver leading to chronic hepatitis, which can advance to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and significant extrahepatic complications. (2) Additionally, HCV has been shown to have a significant negative effect on a patient's overall quality of life, including decreased work hours and productivity and increased health care costs. (3) Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma related to HCV infection represent the most common.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Treatment With Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir

Brown

Sadiq

Weick

et al. 2018

Hepatology Communications

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Ledipasvir‐sofosbuvir, a once‐a‐day, oral combination pill, was approved in 2014 for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection. Initial trials did not comment on nephrotoxicity; however, recent data suggest a risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) with the use of the medication. We assessed the rates of AKI in patients undergoing ledipasvir‐sofosbuvir in a large, urban tertiary care center. This single‐center retrospective observation study included all patients undergoing therapy from October 1, 2014, to October 1, 2015. Rates of AKI, defined by more than a 0.3 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine level, were calculated. Patients were followed 12 weeks after therapy to assess for sustained viral response as well as to assess for improvement of AKI after completion of therapy, defined by less than 0.2 mg/dL above baseline serum creatinine. In total, 197 patients were included in the final analysis who had completed ledipasvir‐sofosbuvir therapy and completed laboratory values. Among the patients treated, 38 (19%) had AKI during therapy. An additional 4 (2%) had AKI at the end of therapy. Of the 38 patients who experienced AKI, 20 (53%) had improvement in serum creatinine to less than 0.2 mg/dL above their baseline. When comparing for chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, those with CKD I or II experienced AKI 17% of the time compared with 47% of the time in CKD III or worse (P = 0.005). Conclusion: AKI was seen in nearly one‐fifth of our patients, and patients with CKD stage III or worse are at increased risk. Although ledipasvir‐sofosbuvir is generally safe in the general population, close monitoring of renal function is recommended.

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“…From an evolutionary perspective, among seven genotypes of HCV, gt2 is predicted to be the oldest lineage, followed by genotypes of 3, 5, and 6 [40]. On the other hand, genotypes of 1 and 4 emerged more recently.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Various miRNAs are involved in efficient HCV replication

Ono

Fukuhara

et al. 2020

Preprint

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17One of the determinants for tissue tropism of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is miR-122, a liver-specific 18 microRNA. Recently, it has been reported that interaction of miR-122 to HCV RNA induces a 19 conformational change of the 5'UTR internal ribosome entry site (IRES) structure to form stem-loop II 20 structure (SLII) and hijack of translating 80S ribosome through the binding of SLIII to 40S subunit, 21 which leads to efficient translation. On the other hand, low levels of HCV-RNA replication have also 22 45 3 both G28 and C29 in the 5'UTR. The interaction of these non-hepatic miRNAs with the 5'UTR can 46 facilitate not only the folding of active HCV IRES but also the stabilization of IRES 3D structure in 47 order to facilitate binding to the ribosome. These results suggest the possibility of replication of HCV in 48 non-hepatic cells through interaction with miRNAs other than miR-122 and provide insight into the 49 establishment of persistent infection of HCV in non-hepatic tissues that lead to the development of 50 extrahepatic manifestations. 51 52

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Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: Transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy

Cited by 60 publications

References 254 publications

Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future

Hepatitis C genotype 4: The past, present, and future

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Treatment With Ledipasvir/Sofosbuvir

Various miRNAs are involved in efficient HCV replication

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