Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastatic to the Gingiva as a First Manifestation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

A 55-year-old man consulted to our hospital complaining of a gingival tumor. Oral examination showed granulation tissue-like polypoid tumors (2 × 2 × 1 cm) in the left upper gingiva. A clinical diagnosis of granulation tissue was made, and an incisional biopsy was performed. It showed carcinoma cells in the submucosa. They were arranged in compact and sinusoidal patterns. A few bile plugs and one Mallory-like body were recognized by meticulous examination. An immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells were positive for hepatocyte paraffin-1 (HepPar-1), cytokeratins (AE1/3 and CAM6.2), and p53 protein. The carcinoma cells were negative for vimentin, prostate specific antigen, CD10, and α-fetoprotein. The Ki-67 labeling was 49%. A histological diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastatic to the gingiva was made. Then, the patient was referred to hepatology unit. A blood laboratory test showed elevated elevated liver enzymes, and positive antibody to hepatitis C virus. Liver cirrhosis was also present. Imaging modalities including US, CT, and MRI revealed multiple hepatic tumors. Metastases to other sides were not recognized. The patient was diagnosed as cirrhosis and HCC with an extrahepatic metastasis to the gingiva. The patient was now treated by chemotherapy. The present case shows that HCC can manifest as small gingival tumors, and meticulous HE examination and immunoreactive HepPar-1 are useful in the diagnosis of HCC in extrahepatic metastatic sites.

Hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis to the gingival soft tissues: A case report and review of the literature

“…To the best of our knowledge, only 13 such cases have been reported in the English literature to date (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The pathogenesis of the metastasis of malignant tumors to the gingiva is unclear.…”

“…Extrahepatic metastasis of HCC occurs in ~30-50% of patients (2)(3)(4)(5), and the most common metastatic sites are the lungs, abdominal lymph nodes and bones (2)(3)(4)(5). Metastasis to the gingiva is rare and, to the best of our knowledge, only 13 such cases have been reported in English literature thus far (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). The age range of these patients was 46-78 years and the average age was 61 years.…”

“…The presentation typically imitates other conditions, such as pyogenic granuloma affecting the oral cavity (16). Gingival tumor may be the first and only manifestation of HCC (17). Furthermore, the disease has a high incidence rate in male patients in Asia, possibly due to the incidence of HCC (15).…”

Rare Metastatic Lesion Affecting the Mouth: Case Report and Review

“…Its etiology is associated with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and alcohol consumption [2]. Extra-hepatic metastases occur in 50% of cases, predominantly affecting the lung, diaphragm, abdominal lymph nodes and bones [1].…”

“…Extra-hepatic metastases occur in 50% of cases, predominantly affecting the lung, diaphragm, abdominal lymph nodes and bones [1]. In the oral cavity, metastases are extremely rare [2] and are usually found at an advanced stage of cancer [3].…”