Hepatocellular carcinoma: Preclinical and clinical applications of nanotechnology with the potential role of carbohydrate receptors

Emerging mRNA Technology for Liver Disease Therapy

“…Liver cancer is a formidable global health issue, ranking as the fourth primary factor of cancer-related fatalities. It is reported that there are approximately 906 000 cases of liver cancer globally in 2020, with the most common form being HCC (Figure a). − By the year 2025, it is projected that HCC will impact over one million individuals annually. , The risk factors contributing to HCC include HBV and HCV infection, alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH), MASH, and liver cirrhosis, among others. , The pathogenesis of HCC is extremely complex and specifically involves cell cycle dysregulation, chromosomal instability, immune modulation, DNA methylation changes, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, etc . A variety of therapeutic options are accessible for different stages of HCC.…”

“…A variety of therapeutic options are accessible for different stages of HCC. Surgical resection, transplantation, and ablations are typically recommended for early stage carcinoma, while transarterial radioembolization (TARE) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) are commonly suggested for intermediate-stage HCC treatment . Additionally, FDA-approved drugs such as cabozantinib, regorafenib, sorafenib, and pembrolizumab are suitable for patients with advanced-stage HCC.…”