Hepatology

Divers, Stephen J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-48253-0.00067-2

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Heterophilic granulomas were not included in this category, as these have a likely bacterial origin. 7…”

Section: Lobular Distribution Of Lipid Vacuolation (Qualitative)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In reptiles, hyperplasia of melanomacrophagic centers is observed as a nonspecific response to a multitude of diseases. 7 Therefore, this category was included and was scored 0-4 based on the average percentage of melanomacrophages occupying the histologic section evaluated (based on histologic section of the liver: 0 was <15%, 1 was 15%-25%, 2 was >25%-50%, 3 was >50%-75%, 4 was >75%).…”

Section: Presence Of Melanomacrophages (Semi-quantitative)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 It should be noted that all hepatic vacuoles visualized on microscopic examination are not necessarily lipid as some may contain water, glycogen, and other nonlipid material. 7 Some visual features, such as the presence of vacuolar pigment or poorly defined vacuolar margins (as with glycogen), can help distinguish the nature of the vacuoles. Special stains, such as periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) before and after diastase treatment, can be used to confirm glycogen accumulation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3,8,10,11,32 Livers with hepatic lipidosis may grossly appear tan to yellow with rounded margins, have a friable and greasy consistency, and float when placed in formalin. 3,7 Routine processing of these tissues for development of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides uses lipid solvents, which wash out lipids leaving optically empty vacuolations. 35 These empty vacuoles, with sharp cytoplasmic rims, are the basis for the microscopic assessment of hepatic lipid content.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Morphological features of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), and a proposed grading system

et al. 2022

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Hepatic lipidosis is commonly diagnosed in pet bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). However, there are no studies detailing the histological features of hepatic lipid changes in this species. This study describes the microscopic features of lipid change and details an associated scoring system. Histologic hepatic sections were retrospectively evaluated from 252 bearded dragons submitted for necropsy. Pathologic assessment was used to develop a grading scheme with 2 qualitative, 1 quantitative, and 6 semi-quantitative microscopic parameters, which were refined based on variability. The final grading system developed for diffuse and panlobular lipid accumulation included 2 semi-quantitative and 1 quantitative categories: percentage of hepatocellular vacuolation, fibrosis, and hepatocellular swelling, respectively. Hepatocellular swelling was indirectly quantified by counting the number of nuclei per unit area. There was a strong positive correlation ( P < .001) between the percentage of hepatocellular vacuolation and lipid content, a strong negative correlation ( P < .001) between nuclear count and lipid content, and a moderate correlation ( P < .001) between fibrosis and lipid content. Each category was given a numerical value ranging from 0 to 4, with the sum of each representing the final grade. Cutoff values stratified microscopic changes into mild (final grade 1–4), moderate (5–7), and severe (≥8). There was strong interrater agreement for assessment of vacuolization, fibrosis, and severity classification and moderate for hepatocellular swelling. This study documents the features of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons. Although a cutoff to differentiate pathologic from nonpathologic lipid accumulation could not be estimated, the proposed grading scheme can be used to inform future studies.

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“…Heterophilic granulomas were not included in this category, as these have a likely bacterial origin. 7…”

Section: Lobular Distribution Of Lipid Vacuolation (Qualitative)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Presence Of Melanomacrophages (Semi-quantitative)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological features of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), and a proposed grading system

et al. 2022

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“…

Hepatic lipidosis is a frequently reported debilitating condition that affects several reptilian species including the bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps), a very popular pet worldwide. 6,20 The basis of this condition involves progressive accumulation of triacylglycerols within hepatocytes resulting in impaired hepatic metabolism and function, and dyslipidemic changes. 4,[7][8][9]21 Classic clinical signs in pet reptiles are nonspecific and include progressive and chronic anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, and ultimately liver failure and death.

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confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

et al. 2022

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Hepatic lipidosis is a common disease of captive bearded dragons ( Pogona vitticeps). Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of this condition are challenging, as there is minimal information in the literature. Our study determined the prevalence and epidemiological risk factors associated with the grade and severity of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons submitted for necropsy in 2 North American institutions. A total of 571 postmortem cases were retrieved, and from each pathology report the demographic data (age, sex) and the list of final diagnoses were extracted. For each case diagnosed with hepatic lipidosis, the archived sections of liver were reviewed and the severity of lipid change was stratified using a standardized histologic grading system. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of each grade and severity class. Associations between grade and severity, as well as demographic data and concurrent diseases, were explored using ordinal logistic regression analysis. On multiple logistic models, the occurrence of infectious disease and neoplasia was associated with decreased grade and severity of hepatic lipid changes, while the female sex and adult age were associated with an increased grade and severity. None of the other variables were significantly associated with hepatic lipid changes. These results suggest that reproductively active females and adult bearded dragons are predisposed to increasing hepatic lipid changes, while those with an underlying disease process have reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and changes, possibly due to increased fat catabolism. Data in this study can serve to benchmark the prevalence of hepatic lipidosis in bearded dragons and allow further investigations.

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Lizards

Divers

Camus

2020

Exotic Animal Laboratory Diagnosis

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Hepatology

Cited by 16 publications

References 48 publications

Morphological features of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), and a proposed grading system

Morphological features of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), and a proposed grading system

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatic lipid changes in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)

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