Hepatoprotective activity against acetaminophen-induced liver dysfunction and GC-MS profiling of a brown algae Sargassum ilicifolium

Abstract

Background Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is one of the most important causes of liver dysfunction. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) an analgesic-antipyretic drug is generally considered safe but its overdose may cause liver toxicity. Marine macro-algae (seaweeds) especially brown seaweeds possess unique biological activities including hepatoprotective potential. The current study focused on the hepatoprotective effect of different solvent fractions of Sargassum ilicifolium and characterization of its n-hexane soluble fraction. Methods The ethanol extract (20 g) of S. ilicifolium was mixed with solvents of increasing polarity, starting with n-hexane followed by chloroform and methanol. All three (n-hexane, chloroform and methanol) soluble fractions were administered to the rats at dose of 150 mg/kg, b.w. Intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen (600 mg/kg b.w.) to rats was used to cause liver injury. The hepatic damage was evaluated by liver markers enzymes; aspartate aminotransferases (AST), alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin along with other metabolites i.e., triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, glucose and creatinine. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione and were estimated in liver tissue. n-Hexane fraction was subjected to GC-MS analysis in order to identify potent compounds. Results The oral administration of n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions reduced the acetaminophen-augmented liver marker enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, along with bilirubin, urea, creatinine, glucose and triglycerides. The n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions also improved hepatic antioxidant level via enhancing hepatic glutathione and reversing lipid peroxidation. GC-MS spectroscopy of n-hexane fraction of S. ilicifolium revealed the presence of some new compounds. Among them, fatty acids were found to be in highest concentration followed by halogenated hydrocarbons, benzene derivatives, and sterols. Fatty acid in seaweed may be one of the factors for hepatoprotection from drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Conclusion From the results, it is evident that n-hexane and methanol soluble fractions of S. ilicifolium have the ability to protect the liver against toxicity, which is comparable with silymarin used as a standard drug. Sargassum ilicifolium contains bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical importance.

A novel therapeutic effect of mannitol-rich extract from the brown seaweed Sargassum ilicifolium using in vitro and in vivo models

“…Using streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, alginate extract from S. ilicifolium was found to be effective in re-epithelializing wound areas, increasing neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, and fibrocytes, as well as collagen density [ 30 ]. Previous research study showed, aqueous extracts of S. ilicifolium showed no toxic effects on mice [ 31 ]. An in vitro and in vivo study found that aqueous extracts of S. ilicifolium have better healing effects than control groups [ 32 ], but no detailed study seems to have been conducted.…”

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytic Fungi and GC-MS Metabolic Profiling of Cephalosporium sp., and Fusarium moniliforme

“…The bacterial lawn of particular bacteria viz., (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, E. coli and S. typhimurium) prepared on TSA (Trypticase Soy Agar). All the culture filtrates loaded discs (20,40 and 60 [mL/disc]) kept at the periphery of the plates and penicillin (20 mg/disc) used as +ve control and sterile broth considered as -ve control. The TSA plates incubated at room temperature for 24 hours and their zone is measured [16].…”

The Development of an Extraction Method for Simultaneously Analyzing Fatty Acids in Macroalgae Using SPE with Derivatization for LC–MS/MS

“…Fatty acids are actively analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. In addition, there are many papers on the analysis of the fatty acid contents in algae using GC and GC–MS [ 24 , 25 , 26 ]. However, GC and GC–MS have a problem in that the vaporization efficiency of the analyte decreases as the molecular weight of fatty acids increases.…”