Hepatoprotective Effect of L entinus edodes Mycelia Fermented Formulation against Alcoholic Liver Injury in Rats

Abstract

The hepatoprotective effects of fermented black rice bran extracts (FF1 and FF2: black rice bran fermented by Lentinus edodes derived from mycelium supplemented with soybean or Hovenia dulcis) and their associated mechanisms were evaluated. In an in vitro experiment, FFs caused significant amelioration of the metabolic function of rat hepatocytes treated with NH4Cl. In addition, administration of FFs to rats with chronic liver injury induced by 12-week continual alcohol consumption resulted in significant restoration of body weight shrinkage, notable attenuation of excessive aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and endotoxin in serum, malondialdehyde in liver and the lactulose/mannitol ratio in urine. Furthermore, FF1 or FF2 also caused significant downregulation of gene expression of several critical inflammatory mediators (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase). Histopathological findings also indicated that FFs reduced inflammation, necrosis and fatty infiltration in liver tissue. Taken together, FFs exert hepatoprotective effects through anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid peroxidative properties and regulation of intestinal permeability. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, mycelia fermentation was utilized as a feasible strategy for enhancing the hepatotherapeutic effect of black rice and herbs. The findings demonstrated that Hovenia dulcis exerts a synergistic protective effect on an alcoholic liver disease animal model and could provide a new effective potential approach to alleviate alcoholic liver diseases.

Modified rice bran arabinoxylan as a nutraceutical in health and disease—A scoping review with bibliometric analysis

“…A possible pathway that RBAC could improve the QoL is through improving behaviour comorbidities via reducing systemic inflammation and nutritional status of cancer patients [132]. RBAC also appeared to possess hepatoprotective effects through observed outcomes such as normalising liver transaminases, cytokine regulation, and suppressing the inflammatory signalling pathways [48,85,115,118,122,[133][134][135][136][137][138][139]. A recent review by Egashira [17] also concurred that RBAC prevented liver damage in hepatitis by inhibiting the NK-κB and JNK/MAPK expression.…”

“…RBAC has also been studied for potential applications in 15 other conditions apart from healthy subjects and cancer patients. These conditions include liver diseases [48,85,[133][134][135][136][137][138][139], HIV [12,[153][154][155], CFS [131,147,156], IBS [157], common cold/flu [148,149], Alzheimer's [144], and diabetes [151,152]. Endo et al [15] pointed out that many lifestyle-related chronic diseases were caused by oxidative stress leading to chronic inflammation through the "friendly fire" of immune dysregulation.…”

Recent Developments in Fermented Cereals on Nutritional Constituents and Potential Health Benefits

“…Moreover, fermented black rice bran extracts (FFs) were administered to rats with alcohol-induced chronic liver injury over 12 weeks. Treatment with FFs was also found to normalize the alcohol-induced upregulation of gene expression on critical inflammatory markers [ 150 ].…”

Natural Products for Prevention and Treatment of Chemical‐Induced Liver Injuries

“…For grains and cereals, the extract as well as the bioactive compounds (rutin and quercin) of tartary buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum ) were tested to protect the rat liver with their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties; whereas corn peptides were also found protective in men based on the ability of modulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress (Lee, Shen, Lai, & Wu, ; Wu et al., ). Moreover, the extract of Lentinus edodes‐ fermented black rice bran ( Oryza sativa L. and Glycine max L.), with or without Hovenia dulcis , was reported to regulate intestinal permeability and exhibit anti‐inflammatory, anti‐necrotic, and anti‐lipid peroxidative properties (Chung et al., ). Furthermore, germinated and fermented mung beans were shown to provide more effective protection to the liver than mung beans, presenting an improved serum biochemical profile and histological observations (Mohd Ali et al., ).…”