HER2 in Breast Cancer

Annaratone, Laura; Sarotto, Ivana; Marchiò, Caterina

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62539-3_4710

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Other anti-HER2 compounds (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as lapatinib, or antibody-drug conjugates such as T-DM1) are used mainly in the metastatic setting or within the context of clinical studies. It is important to note that although several markers with prognostic value have been identified in HER2-positive disease over the past years, at present the best predictive factor for likeliness of response to anti-HER2 agents is represented by HER2 overexpression/amplification [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In diagnostic pathology the HER2 status is routinely assessed by using a combination of immunohistochemistry (IHC, to evaluate HER2 protein expression levels) and in situ hybridization (ISH, to assess HER2 gene status), the only two techniques with acknowledged clinical validation [2,5,6]. For this purpose, international recommendations have been developed by a consensus of experts in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evolving concepts in HER2 evaluation in breast cancer: Heterogeneity, HER2-low carcinomas and beyond

Marchiò

Annaratone

Marques

et al. 2021

Seminars in Cancer Biology

231

152

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving concepts in HER2 evaluation in breast cancer: Heterogeneity, HER2-low carcinomas and beyond

Marchiò

Annaratone

Marques

et al. 2021

Seminars in Cancer Biology

231

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…This therapeutic option has radically changed the history of HER2 BC [3]. HER2 overexpression represents at present the most powerful predictive factor for likeliness of response to anti-HER2 agents [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HER2 status is routinely assessed either using immunohistochemistry (HER2 protein expression level) or in situ hybridization (HER2 gene status) [2,5,6]. For the purpose of HER2 assessment, international guidelines have been developed by experts in the field and have changed over the years according to new data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HER2-Low Breast Cancer: Prognosis and Future Treatment Prospective

Iacuzzo¹

2022

JCRM

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The human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase belonging to the Human Epidermal Receptor family [1]. HER2 is amplified leading to HER2 overexpression in 15% of breast cancers (BC) [2]. HER2 overexpression leads to poor prognosis, but offers the unique possibility to use a targeted therapy with monoclonal antibodies. This therapeutic option has radically changed the history of HER2 BC [3]. HER2 overexpression represents at present the most powerful predictive factor for likeliness of response to anti-HER2 agents [5]. The HER2 status is routinely assessed either using immunohistochemistry (HER2 protein expression level) or in situ hybridization (HER2 gene status) [2,5,6]. For the purpose of HER2 assessment, international guidelines have been developed by experts in the field, and have changed over the years according to new data. HER2 heterogeneity is linked to the complexity of equivocal results, HER2 mutations and the upcoming category of HER2-low BC [7]. Intratumor genetic heterogeneity interests various types of human cancers, including BC and HER2 overexpression and amplification, and it is demonstrated to be significantly more common in cases with HER2 equivocal status [8]. Equivocal cases frequently feature low levels of HER2 amplification. Several studies showed that HER2 heterogeneity is related to poor outcome, shorter disease-free survival and overall survival. Patients with HER2 heterogeneity are less responsive to target therapies as confirmed by a lower achievement of pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant treatment [9]. In spite of the scarcity of data still available on HER2-low BC, different intrinsic subtypes seem to influence different clinical behavior and response to treatment, as this has already been proved for other BC subtypes. HER2-low/HR- BC showed a higher frequency of HER2-enriched instrinsic subtype than HER2-/HR- BC. This might mean that, despite in clinical practice HER2-low/HR- BC is considered as HER2-/HR, these subtypes of BCs might reflect a different clinical behavior and a different response to targeted therapy [10]. Recent studies underlined that HER2-enriched instrinsic subtype are the most beneficial in reduction of risk of progression and death after CDK6/6-inhibitors treatment, compared to the other subtypes [11]. Traditionally HER2-positive BCs were separated from HER2-negative BCs, based on solid clinical data stating that only tumors driven by HER2 oncogene addition benefit from targeted therapies [12]. However in recent years new therapies have been developed, in particular the antibody drug conjugates which deliver chemotherapy inside the BC. Some of these agents - such as trastuzumab duocarmazine and trastuzumab deruxtecan showed encouraging response rates also in the so called HER2-low BC. For example, the phase 1 study of DS-8201 showed an overall response rate of 37% in pretreated HER2-low metastatic cancer patients, with a median duration of response of 10.4 months [13]. These data suggests a paradigm shift in the definition of HER2 status, which may be based on 3 groups: 1.HER2-positive, 2.HER2- negative, 3.HER2-low BCs, that may potentially benefit from a targeted therapy, even in absence of the addition of the tumor cells to the HER2 oncogene [7]. At present there are no formal definitions of HER2-low BC, but it seems reasonable to define as HER2-low all BCs displaying a score of 1+ or 2+ HER2 expression and no HER2 amplification. This assumption would categorize up to 55% of BCs as HER2-low. For this subtype there are no targeted therapies approved [7]. The majority of HER2 somatic mutations found in BCs have not been associated with HER2 gene amplification. However preclinical data suggest that functionally active HER2 mutations may lead to HER2 targeted therapies sensitivity [14]. Other preclinical models suggest that pertuzumab inhibits tumor proliferation even in absence of HER2 overexpression [15].So, HER2 mutation-positive but HER2-negative BC may benefit from targeted drugs, but further studies are needed. For example, trastuzumab, deruxtecan, a novel enzyme-cleavable linker, showed significant objective response and disease control in a group of patients including 25% HER2-low BCs, and therefore is worthy of further studies in this subgroup of patients [16]. The new agents being tested for HER2-low BC patients are antibody drug conjugates deploying anti-HER2 epitopes in their antibody component, but with different cytotoxic warheads and a bi-specific antibody targeting both HER2 and HER3 [17]. In conclusion, the concept of HER2-positive versus HER2-negative disease is changing, including the definition of “HER2-low” BC, against which new therapies such as antibody drug conjugates may be extremely effective.

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HER2 in Breast Cancer

Cited by 2 publications

References 27 publications

Evolving concepts in HER2 evaluation in breast cancer: Heterogeneity, HER2-low carcinomas and beyond

Evolving concepts in HER2 evaluation in breast cancer: Heterogeneity, HER2-low carcinomas and beyond

HER2-Low Breast Cancer: Prognosis and Future Treatment Prospective

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