We examined how native herpetofauna of the Cross Timbers in Oklahoma, USA, were influenced by vegetation types derived from combinations of herbicide applications and prescribed burning.
Brush management treatments consisted of tebuthiuron (N-[ 5 -( 1 , 1 -d i m e t h y l e t h y l ) -1 , 3 , 4 -t h i a z o l -2 -y -1 ] -N , N ' -d i m e t h y l u r e a ) -only, tebuthiuron + fire, and untreated pastures of mature hardwood forest (no herbicide or fire). A total of 292 individuals representing 30 species was captured in 1994 and 1995 using timeconstrained searching and drift-fence arrays on 3 replicates of the 3 treatments. Relative total abundance and species richness of herpetofauna were similar on all 3 treatment types. However, differences were apparent by taxonomic group. In general, amphibians were most abundant in untreated and tebuthiuron-only pastures, lizards were most abundant on the untreated pastures, and snakes were most abundant on pastures treated with tebuthiuron + fire. Maintenance of a mosaic of habitats in the Cross Timbers may enhance diversity of the native herpetofauna.Key Words: reptiles, amphibians, brush management, tebuthiuron, prescribed burning, Cross Timbers, Oklahoma.The Cross Timbers is a western extension of the oak-hickory ecoregion and contains about 19 million ha of upland hardwood forest and tallgrass prairie in the central United States (Garrison et al. 1977, Soil Conserv. Serv. 1981. Livestock production in these oak-dominated rangelands is relatively limited because of low production of herbaceous forage (Scifres 1980). Brush management can increase production of herbaceous forage by selectively removing woody overstory species; this benefits livestock production (Scifres and Mutz 1978, Stritzke 1980) and economic returns (Bernardo and Engle 1990, Bernardo et al. 1992).There are no published studies that directly address effects of brush management on native herpetofauna, but a few studies from the western United States have revealed that abundances of lizards and snakes were reduced in areas that were either grazed by livestock or modified by humans (Busack and Bury 1974, Berry 1978, Jones 1981, 1988, Szaro et al. 1985, Bock et al. 1990. Our research in the Cross Timbers of central Oklahoma showed that modification of this habitat with herbicides and fire can have both deleterious and favorable effects on native biota. Generally, eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus- Lochmiller et al. 1991Lochmiller et al. , 1995, cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus texianus-McMurry et al. 1994), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus v i r g i n i a n u s- Soper et al. 1993a, 1993b, Leslie et al. 1996 responded positively to annual burning as part of the brush management prescription. Conversely, occurrence and numbers of some avian species [e.g., Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus motacilla), tufted titmouse (Parus bicolor)] were impacted negatively by habitat alterations associated with brush control (Schultz et al. 1992a(Schultz et al. , 1992b.Landowners likely will contin...