Herbal Products and Their Active Constituents Used Alone and in Combination with Antifungal Drugs against Drug-Resistant Candida sp.

Abstract

Clinical isolates of Candida yeast are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal infections resistant to certain antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to detect more effective antifungal agents that would be successful in overcoming such infections. Among them are some herbal products and their active constituents.The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge onherbal products and their active constituents havingantifungal activity against drug-resistant Candida sp. used alone and in combination with antifungal drugs.The possible mechanisms of their action on drug-resistant Candida sp. including (1) inhibition of budding yeast transformation into hyphae; (2) inhibition of biofilm formation; (3) inhibition of cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis; (4) ROS production; and (5) over-expression of membrane transporters will be also described.

Effect of Allium cepa loaded polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl pyrrolidone nanofibers on Candida albicans growth and the expression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes

“…It has been shown that herbal products and their active constituents in combination with antifungal drugs could decrease the drug resistance of Candida species through the suppression of CDR1 and expression of MDR1 genes which result in increased intracellular concentration of antifungal drugs and, in turn, the effectiveness of those drugs against resistant Candida strains [ 34 ].…”

The effects of Ziziphus Spina leaves’ Hydro-Alcoholic Extract Vaginal Cream and Clotrimazole on Candida albicans in Wistar Rats

“…Additionally, it was shown that herbal products are more efficient in treating drug-resistant candida sp. 32 …”

“…Additionally, it was shown that herbal products are more efficient in treating drugresistant candida sp. 32 For Candida albicans growth inhibition, critical mechanisms for surviving Candida albicans must be targeted; including inhibition of hyphae transformation, biofilm formation, cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis, ROS production, and over-expression of membrane transporters. 32 Zizyphus Spina containing saponin disrupts the cell wall of Candida albicans.…”

“…32 For Candida albicans growth inhibition, critical mechanisms for surviving Candida albicans must be targeted; including inhibition of hyphae transformation, biofilm formation, cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane biosynthesis, ROS production, and over-expression of membrane transporters. 32 Zizyphus Spina containing saponin disrupts the cell wall of Candida albicans. 33 Additionally, Zizyphus Spina has endophytic A. Alternaria, which has potent antioxidant activity that can cause cell membrane disruption.…”

Dano Active AD Oil Flummox Drug Resistance Instinct in Certain Strains of Pityrosporum Ovale

“…However, such agents can be coadministered along with proven antifungals where the combat is made multi-level; the fungus has the least chance to develop resistance than fight simply for existence than get exit from the scalp habitat. 7,8 Due to abundant phyto-pharmacological agents present in the herbal conglomerate and many of them having different levels of antifungal activity targeting possibly different sites of the fungus like cell wall biosynthesis, cellular inclusion modification, nucleic acid synthesis, morphological alteration etc., the fungus to focus on unidirectional adaptation mode is not possible and hence the proven drug of choice in the presence of herbal conglomerate could do its best to arrest the fungus and offer best treatment delight to the patient.…”