Herbicide Protection Pods (HPPs) Facilitate Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Establishment under Imazapic Control of Exotic Annual Grasses

Clenet, Danielle R.; Davies, Kirk W.; Johnson, Dustin D.; Kerby, Jay D.

doi:10.1016/j.rama.2020.07.002

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…However, they too found lower laboratory performance of sagebrush than a grass species in 8 mm × 16 mm pellets across a range of indaziflam rates and they speculated that sagebrush, with a seed around 10 times smaller than the tested grass, may have physically struggled to emerge from the pellet (Clenet et al 2019). In, the field, Clenet et al (2020) found more promising results for sagebrush, with 8 mm × 16 mm HPPs producing 7‐fold higher sagebrush seedling densities 2 years after sowing than a bare seed treatment, under a 210 g ai·ha −1 imazapic application. These discrepancies in sagebrush performance in HPPs may be explained by differences in herbicides and/or variations in pellet structure degradation caused by differences in moisture and temperature regimes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For both test species, we used two HPP sizes ( Fig. 1) similar to those used in previous research: a pillow-shaped pellet (8 mm × 16 mm × 16 mm, hereafter "pillow"; Madsen et al 2014;Clenet et al 2020), and a cylindrical large pellet (9.5 mm × 16 mm, hereafter "large pellet" Davies et al 2017;Davies 2018;Brown et al 2018;Clenet et al 2019Clenet et al , 2020 (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Hpp Size Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all

Baughman

Griffen

Kerby

et al. 2021

Restoration Ecology

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Pre-emergent herbicides are frequently used to control exotic annual plants prior to seed-based restoration, but seeding must generally wait until herbicide toxicity has waned. The emerging seed-enhancement technology of herbicide protection pods (HPP) allows for simultaneous seeding and herbicide application by protecting desirable seeds inside pods or pellets containing activated carbon, allowing for single-entry and potentially cost-saving wildland restoration approaches. This technology has shown promise in multiple recent lab and field experiments. However, the effect of pod size on efficacy has not been formally investigated, and important small-seeded species have either not been tested or have shown less-promising results when used with this technology. Using emergence trials in two different laboratory environments with two small-seeded species important to restoration in the semi-arid western United States (Wyoming big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata Nutt ssp. wyomingensis] and Sandberg bluegrass [Poa secunda J Presl]), we investigated if HPP size affected early performance and protection from herbicide (imazapic), as well as how different sizes of HPPs compared to bare seed. For both species, smaller HPP sizes selected to match optimal seeding depths showed up to twofold higher emergence and aboveground biomass than larger pellets and still maintained protection from herbicide toxicity. Both species also showed 50-90% reductions in emergence and aboveground biomass due to incorporation into HPPs in general, resulting in only one species (bluegrass) showing the desired effect of HPPs: higher success than bare seed in the presence of herbicide. We suggest that additional experimentation to improve this promising technology is warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hpp Size Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all

Baughman

Griffen

Kerby

et al. 2021

Restoration Ecology

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“…Herbicide protection methodologies may offer an opportunity to simultaneously apply preemergent herbicide and seed desired species in a single-entry approach, reducing invasive annual grass competition on target seedlings for at least the crucial first growing season [25][26][27][28]. Herbicide protection uses activated carbon, which can capture the applied herbicide and create a safe site for desired seedlings to establish [25,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Herbicide protection uses activated carbon, which can capture the applied herbicide and create a safe site for desired seedlings to establish [25,29]. Numerous studies evaluating the effectiveness of herbicide protection via activated carbon slurry banding (e.g., applying a strip of activated carbon in crop rows) or seed technologies (e.g., activated carbon pelleting or coatings applied directly to seeds) have been carried out over the last two decades [28,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, reported success rates vary widely.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This reported variation in the performance of herbicide protection seed treatments may be linked to the carbon application method (e.g., pellet, coating, banding), species-specific seed traits, and their interactions [28,[33][34][35][36][37]. Additionally, a high degree of variability in weather and abiotic and biotic site conditions (e.g., elevation, topography, soil type, dominant plant species, presence and depth of litter) is characteristic of the current state of the sagebrush shrub-steppe biome.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years

et al. 2023

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The invasion of exotic, annual plant species is a leading contributor to ecological degradation in drylands globally, and the use of pre-emergent herbicide to control these species is common. Pre-emergent herbicides pose challenges for seed-based restoration due to toxicity to the seeds of desired species. Herbicide protection (HP) technologies pose a potential solution by using activated carbon seed treatments to protect desirable seeds from herbicide exposure. In the sagebrush steppe ecosystem of North America, we used an adaptive small plot design over three planting years to test for effects on seeding outcomes (seedling density and size) of large and small multi-seed HP pellets, several single-seed HP coatings, and carbon banding treatments at geographically dispersed sites for several perennial bunchgrasses and the keystone perennial shrub, Wyoming big sagebrush. We also compared different methods of seed delivery and litter pre-seeding management. Seeding success was low overall, especially for sagebrush, and it was clear that other, often less predictable barriers to establishment than herbicide exposure, such as inadequate spring moisture, were strong drivers of seeding outcomes. Despite this, HP treatments were associated with higher seedling density than bare seed in multiple instances, most notably for grasses. The large HP pellet occasionally outperformed the small HP pellet, and several HP coatings performed similarly to the small pellet. Surprisingly, we did not see consistent negative effects of pre-emergent herbicide on unprotected bare seed. We conclude that HP seed treatments show some promise to improve seeding success in the presence of herbicide, but that consistent success will require further improvements to HP treatments as well as integration with other innovations and approaches.

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Simulated Herbicide Drift Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Native Plants of the Northern Great Plains

Bolwerk,

Cooper,

Leffler

et al. 2024

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Small concentrations of herbicide, such as those found in drift, can affect nontarget plants at different life‐history stages including seed germination and seedling emergence as well as seedling growth. Fragmented landscapes, such as those in the northern Great Plains, lead to increased proximity of ecological restoration sites to agricultural lands using herbicides. Germination, emergence, and growth are crucial life‐history stages leading to ecological restoration success, but these stages are sensitive to impacts from external factors such as herbicide exposure. A lab germination experiment and a greenhouse emergence experiment were performed to examine the effect of herbicides (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4‐D], atrazine, and trifluralin) on species used in ecological restorations in the northern Great Plains. Seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling growth of many study species decreased with exposure to herbicides at different concentrations representative of herbicide drift. At concentrations as low as 0.1% recommended application rate 2,4‐D elicited broad effects on final seed germination percentage and germination rate. Atrazine affected seedling emergence and growth for a number of study species at concentrations as low as 10% recommended application rate. Trifluralin affected germination, emergence, and growth of the fewest number of study species. The information gained from these experiments can be used to inform restoration practitioners of best practices and recommended species to use when implementing ecological restoration adjacent to agricultural lands. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–11. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Herbicide Protection Pods (HPPs) Facilitate Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Establishment under Imazapic Control of Exotic Annual Grasses

Cited by 16 publications

References 46 publications

Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all

Herbicide protection pod technology for native plant restoration: one size may not fit all

Assessment of multiple herbicide protection seed treatments for seed-based restoration of native perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush across multiple sites and years

Simulated Herbicide Drift Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Seedling Growth of Native Plants of the Northern Great Plains

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