Herbicide Resistance and Management Options of Papaver rhoeas L. and Centaurea cyanus L. in Europe: A Review

Abstract

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.) and cornflower (Centaurea cyanus L.) are two overwintering weed species found in crop fields in Europe. They are characterised by a similar life cycle, similar competitive efforts, and a spectrum of herbicides recommended for their control. This review summarises the biology and herbicide resistance phenomena of corn poppy and cornflower in Europe. Corn poppy is one of the most dangerous dicotyledonous weeds, having developed herbicide resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors and growth regulators, especially in Mediterranean countries and Great Britain. Target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors dominates among herbicide-resistant poppy biotypes. The importance of non-target site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in this species may be underestimated because non-target site resistance is very often associated with target site resistance. Cornflower, meanwhile, is increasingly rare in European agricultural landscapes, with acetolactate synthase inhibitors-resistant biotypes only listed in Poland. However, the mechanisms of cornflower herbicide resistance are not well recognised. Currently, herbicides mainly from acetolactate synthase and photosystem II inhibitors as well as from synthetic auxins groups are recommended for the control of both weeds. Integrated methods of management of both weeds, especially herbicide-resistant biotypes, continue to be underrepresented.

Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas

“…P. rhoeas is a major weed affecting cereal crops in Europe and is a growing problem due to the appearance of herbicide-resistant biotypes to synthetic auxins and/or ALS-inhibitors, the latter due to the repeated use of sulfonylurea herbicides over time [ 26 ]. In most ALS-inhibitor-resistant cases studied, a target-site resistance mechanism has been identified [ 27 ], although several nontarget-site resistance mechanisms have been described over the last years [ 28 ].…”

Herbicide Resistance of Centaurea cyanus L. in Poland in the Context of Its Management

“…Worldwide herbicide resistance concerns 1094 unique cases (weed species x site of action) [4], with the most troublesome being grass weeds [4,5]. In Europe, the main herbicide-resistant weeds also include monocotyledonous species, i.e., Alopecurus myosuroides in north-western Europe and Apera spica-venti in central and eastern European countries [5], but also a dicotyledonous Papaver rhoeas in the Mediterranean basin [6,7]. In Poland, the situation is different since, according to Heap's list, the majority of herbicide-resistant cases concern dicotyledonous weeds (12 different species) and only four monocotyledonous species, which together constitute 25 cases of herbicide resistance in the country [4].…”

“…Cornflower is an annual dicotyledonous weed from the Asteraceae family that emerges mostly in autumn and overwinters in winter cereals and winter oilseed rape [7,11,12]. Nowadays, its status depends on the region, with it being found more rarely in western Europe [12][13][14] and more frequently in central Europe [11,[15][16][17][18].…”

“…Nowadays, its status depends on the region, with it being found more rarely in western Europe [12][13][14] and more frequently in central Europe [11,[15][16][17][18]. It is believed that agricultural intensification and a decrease in insect pollinators could be behind the decline of cornflower in Europe [7]. However, cornflower is spreading throughout the USA as an invasive species in native grasslands and prairies, especially in the northwest of the country [19].…”

“…A recent review of C. cyanus herbicide resistance in Poland lists five confirmed populations that are resistant to different ALS inhibitors [7]. The first case of herbicide-resistant cornflower in Poland was identified in 2006 by Marczewska and Rola [20].…”