Herbicide safeners: a review

Davies, Joanna M.; Caseley, J. C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199911)55:11<1043::aid-ps60>3.3.co;2-c

Cited by 33 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Safeners are a group of chemically diverse compounds with the unique ability to protect grass crops from herbicide injury without reducing herbicide activity in target weed species (9,13). Most herbicide safeners were developed for corn, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (13,24).…”

Section: Safenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Safener, Activated-charcoal Coated Seed, and Charcoal Banding on Establishment of Switchgrass Receiving Pre-emergent Herbicides

Butler

Kering

Huo

et al. 2012

Forage & Grazinglands

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Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is typically slow and difficult to establish due to competition from weeds. Two experiments were conducted evaluating effectiveness of seed safeners and activated charcoal on prevention of herbicide injury of ‘Alamo’ switchgrass. In experiment I, a completely randomized greenhouse experiment with three replications evaluated a factorial arrangement of five (0, 0.64, 0.96, 1.28, and 1.92 fluid oz/100 lb seed) fluxofenin (Concep III) rates and four herbicide treatments: metolachlor, metolachlor plus atrazine, pendamethalin, and an untreated control. In experiment II, a randomized complete block field experiment with a split plot arrangement of treatments and four replications evaluated charcoal seed treatments. Main plot treatments consisted of uncoated seed plus 250 lb/acre charcoal slurry in a 2‐inch band over the seed row, charcoal coated seed at either 4:1, 6:1, or 8:1 charcoal weight:seed weight ratios, and non‐treated seed. Sub‐plot treatments consisted of five herbicide treatments: atrazine, metolachlor, metolachlor plus atrazine, imazapic, and an untreated control. In experiment I, fluxofenin did not safen switchgrass seeds from these herbicides. In experiment II, charcoal treatments safened switchgrass seed in 2 of 4 years, when precipitation was above normal, but failed to safen switchgrass seed when rainfall was below average. In addition, switchgrass ground cover at end of season was generally below the minimum 40% threshold; therefore improved establishment techniques are still needed for switchgrass.

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Section: Safenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Safener, Activated-charcoal Coated Seed, and Charcoal Banding on Establishment of Switchgrass Receiving Pre-emergent Herbicides

Butler

Kering

Huo

et al. 2012

Forage & Grazinglands

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“…The first goal of the present study was to assess the sensitivity of C. riparius to 4 chemical treatments: the safener benoxacor, one of its dechlorination products (monochlorobenoxacor), S-metolachlor (the herbicide with which benoxacor is typically paired in commercial products [19]), and a mixture of S-metolachlor þ benoxacor, in microcosms representative of natural, benthic freshwater habitats. The sublethal endpoints included emergence rate, adult body weight, and the hazard ratio of successful emergence, which were intended to capture subtler effects that might occur at a lower concentration of test chemical than that reducing survival of larvae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the toxicity of the “inert” safener benoxacor toward Chironomus riparius: Effects of agrochemical mixtures

Bolyard

Gresens

Ricko

et al. 2017

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The environmental effects of safeners, agrochemicals that protect crops from herbicide toxicity, are largely unknown, perhaps because they are classified as inert ingredients. We assessed the toxicity to larvae of Chironomus riparius of 1) the dichloroacetamide safener benoxacor; 2) its degradation product, monochloro-benoxacor; 3) the herbicide with which benoxacor is paired, S-metolachlor; and 4) a mixture of S-metolachlor + benoxacor. Under iron-reducing conditions, benoxacor can undergo reductive dechlorination, producing monochloro-benoxacor. To simulate iron-reducing conditions, we prepared benthic microcosms containing an iron-rich silt-clay sediment amended with cellulose. Larval C. riparius were exposed to single chemicals via spiked sediment at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg. Concentrations of a 1:1 mixture of safener and herbicide ranged from 0.02 to 200 mg/kg. Kinetic modeling of microcosm aqueous-phase concentrations indicated that benoxacor transformed with a half-life of 12 d. Cox proportional hazard models of time to emergence during 28-d experiments showed that females had a lowest-observed-effect concentration (LOEC) for benoxacor at 1 mg/kg, whereas their LOEC for monochloro-benoxacor was 0.1 mg/kg. For males, the LOEC for all treatments was 100 mg/kg (200 mg/kg for the mixture). Synergistic effects of the mixture were observed only in females, with a LOEC of 0.2 mg/kg. These results suggest that benoxacor presents a low toxicity risk to C. riparius in environmental systems; however, the possibility of synergistic effects between benoxacor and S-metolachlor merits further investigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2660-2670. © 2017 SETAC.

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“…The ability of safeners to protect crop plants from herbicides when they are applied together often reflects shared routes of metabolism, e.g., by formation of glutathione conjugates or metabolism by plant CYPs. 27,56 Such interactions can in many cases be simulated quite well in mammalian pharmacokinetic analyses 57 and should be taken into account when possible.…”

Section: Caveatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting mammalian metabolism and toxicity of pesticides in silico

Clark

2018

Pest Management Science

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Pesticides must be effective to be commercially viable but they must also be reasonably safe for those who manufacture them, apply them, or consume the food they are used to produce. Animal testing is key to ensuring safety, but it comes late in the agrochemical development process, is expensive, and requires relatively large amounts of material. Surrogate assays used as in vitro models require less material and shift identification of potential mammalian toxicity back to earlier stages in development. Modern in silico methods are cost‐effective complements to such in vitro models that make it possible to predict mammalian metabolism, toxicity and exposure for a pesticide, crop residue or other metabolite before it has been synthesized. Their broader use could substantially reduce the amount of time and effort wasted in pesticide development. This contribution reviews the kind of in silico models that are currently available for vetting ideas about what to synthesize and how to focus development efforts; the limitations of those models; and the practical considerations that have slowed development in the area. Detailed discussions are provided of how bacterial mutagenicity, human cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, and bioavailability in humans and rats can be predicted. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Herbicide safeners: a review

Cited by 33 publications

References 52 publications

Effect of Safener, Activated-charcoal Coated Seed, and Charcoal Banding on Establishment of Switchgrass Receiving Pre-emergent Herbicides

Effect of Safener, Activated-charcoal Coated Seed, and Charcoal Banding on Establishment of Switchgrass Receiving Pre-emergent Herbicides

Assessing the toxicity of the “inert” safener benoxacor toward Chironomus riparius: Effects of agrochemical mixtures

Predicting mammalian metabolism and toxicity of pesticides in silico

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