Herd-level risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy-goat kids in western France

Delafosse, Arnaud; Castro-Hermida, José Antonio; Baudry, C.; Ares-Mazás, Elvira; Chartier, Christophe

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2006.07.001

Cited by 45 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These oocysts, excreted in small quantities, are capable of transmitting the infection to newborn, highly vulnerable animals; such oocysts would have a multiplier effect on environmental contamination, and thus have repercussions on the epidemiology of the disease (Noordeen et al, 2001). The high prevalence found among animals of the first age is in agreement with the findings of other researchers for kid goats of different breeds, although in the latter cases no difference was established by kidding season (Delafosse et al, 2006;Geurden et al, 2008). Independently of the age and farm, we found no significant difference in prevalence with respect to kidding season, this result being in agreement with that reported by Noordeen et al (2001).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

et al. 2009

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Summary :The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in goats maintained under semiextensive feeding conditions in the southeast of Spain. Four farms took part in the study. Samples were obtained during the autumn and spring kidding seasons. The goats were divided into three groups: group I (0-15 days), group II (> 15 days-2 months) and group III (> 2 months-9 years). Faecal specimens were concentrated and smears of the sediment (25 µl) were stained by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid fast technique. Parasite oocysts were identified in all the farms; of the 582 goats, 111 were found to have the parasite in their faeces, i.e. the prevalence was 19.1 %. The frequency distributions of the Cryptosporidium oocyst counts according to the age categories were 10.4 %, 13.4 % and 25.2 % for groups I, II and III respectively. With respect to the kidding season, no differences were found. The present study revealed the high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in the studied zone. or arid and semi-arid regions of the Mediterranean zone, livestock farming based on extensive or semi-extensive feeding conditions is proposed as the option offering greatest productive possibilities. In this context, the goat is a species of choice because of its ability to adapt to these climatic conditions and thanks to the high value of caprine products, milk and meat (Boza, 2005). However, goats are among the farm animals that are most affected by cryptosporidiosis, and farmers suffer considerable financial losses on this account. Cryptosporidium infection may have an important economic impact on farmers because of high morbidity and sometimes high mortality rates among farm animals (Casemore et al., 1997). This mortality increases when the disease in associated with concurrent infections or deficiencies in nutrition or husbandry (de Graaf et al., 1999). Moreover, Cryptosporidium oocysts excreted with the faeces of infected farm animals can be a source of human infection, and there is a high incidence of the disease in AIDS patients, against which there is no consistently effective treatment (Tzipori, 1998). In goats, infection was first described in Australia in a 2-week-old kid with diarrhoea (Mason et al., 1981). Since then, the infection has been diagnosed in outbreaks of diarrhoea and prevalence in goat kids has been reported in several European countries (Majewska et al., 2000). In Spain Cryptosporidium infection in small ruminants was first diagnosed in 1985 (Rojo Vázquez et al., 1985); subsequently, cryptosporidiosis was reported from different geographical areas (Rojo Vázquez et al., 1987; Matos-Fernández et al., 1993;Castro-Hermida et al., 2007). Taking into account this background and its relevance, the aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence in relation to age and kidding season of Cryptosporidium infection in goats at randomly selected farms in the southeast of Spain. RésuméArticle available at http://www.parasite-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

et al. 2009

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“…As a result, weight loss and mortality (up to 40%) associated with the disease may induce important economic losses for farmers Yvoré et al 1984). Despite the identification of some herd-level risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in kids (Delafosse et al 2006), implementation of specific sanitary measures to control infection remains theoretical and the use of anti-cryptosporidial drugs is absolutely necessary to control clinical outbreaks. Many drugs have been tested against animal cryptosporidiosis, and only very few of them have shown some partial effectiveness when administered prophylactically to ruminants: halofuginone lactate, paromomycin, α-and β-cyclodextrin (Villacorta et al 1991;Mancassola et al 1995;Chartier et al 1996Chartier et al , 1999CastroHermida et al 2001CastroHermida et al , 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of nitazoxanide against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates

et al. 2007

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Preliminary results obtained in mice, rats and piglets experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium sp have indicated a partial prophylactic or curative efficacy of nitazoxanide when administered between 50 and 250 mg/kg BW. In this study, the efficacy of nitazoxanide was evaluated in goat neonates experimentally infected with Cryptosporidium sp oocysts. Forty-seven 2- to 4-day-old kids were experimentally infected once on day 0 with 10(6) Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from a dead kid, and allocated to three groups. Group 1 acted as control untreated group, group 2 received nitazoxanide for 8 days from day -1 to day 6 at a daily dose rate of 200 mg/kg BW, group 3 received nitazoxanide for 7 days from day 2 to day 8 at 100 mg/kg BW. Individual oocyst shedding was monitored by daily examination of faecal smears stained by carbol fuchsin and scored semi-quantitatively (zero to four). The other criteria included for nitazoxanide evaluation were weight gain and mortality. In the control group, oocyst shedding that started 3 days post-inoculation (PI) was maximal 6-7 days PI (mean scores ranging from 1.69 to 1.94) and became undetectable from day 16 PI. In group 2, oocyst shedding started 1 day later, peaked 9-11 days PI (1.33 to 1.5) and vanished day 18 PI. In group 3, results were similar to those of group 1 except for the mean scores ranging from 1.0 to 1.58. No significant difference was seen for weight gains between groups. Five kids died in group 1 as well as in group 3, whereas seven kids died in group 2. An acute toxicity of nitazoxanide was suspected as soon as the first 2 days of treatment.

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“…Factors hypothesized to be associated with the risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection in calves were examined after a review of the literature (Fayer et al 1998;Huetink et al 2001;Delafosse et al 2006), and the questionnaire also included questions about herd health, general livestock and calf management practices (including management of calves, kids and lambs, as young stock are generally maintained as a single herd in this system) and veterinary practices (including treatment of sick animals). Questions regarding household interaction and contact with the animals and household hygiene and sanitation practices were also posed to obtain information on potential zoonotic disease transmission risks.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boma to banda - A disease sentinel concept for reduction of diarrhoea

et al. 2016

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Diarrhoeal diseases can be debilitating, especially for children and young animals. In many rural areas, particularly pastoral communities, livelihoods are characterized by close interaction between household members and their livestock herds, and children often care for young animals, creating opportunities for the transmission of multiple zoonotic pathogens. Using a One Health approach, we first evaluated whether diarrhoeal diseases were a problem for pastoral households in Tanzania and then investigated their calf herds to identify the prevalence and risk factors for diarrhoeal disease and the shedding of the zoonotic pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Sixty percent of households reporting cases of human diarrhoea also had diarrhoea detected later in their calf herds, and calf herds shedding Cryptosporidium oocysts were six times more likely to be diarrhoeic. Because Cryptosporidium shares a similar transmission mode with a wide range of diarrhoeagenic organisms and calf diarrhoea outbreaks can involve multiple pathogens with mixed infections, it is possible that calf diarrhoea may be indicative of shared risk of zoonotic pathogens from environmental contamination. To mitigate the risk of transmission of faecal-borne zoonotic pathogens from herds to households (boma-livestock pens to banda -household building), we describe a conceptual disease early-warning method proposing diarrhoeic calves as animal sentinels. Such a calf warning system, combined with appropriate interventions designed to minimize exposure, could serve as a practical solution for reducing risks of diarrhoeal diseases among animals and people.

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Herd-level risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy-goat kids in western France

Cited by 45 publications

References 32 publications

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Prevalence ofCryptosporidiuminfection in goats maintained under semi-extensive feeding conditions in the Southeast of Spain

Efficacy of nitazoxanide against experimental cryptosporidiosis in goat neonates

Boma to banda - A disease sentinel concept for reduction of diarrhoea

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