Herd specific risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning

Nathues, Heiko; Woeste, Henrike; Doehring, S.; Fahrion, Anna S.; Doherr, Marcus G.; Beilage, Elisabeth große

doi:10.1186/1751-0147-55-30

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This observation regarding gilt acclimatisation was further confirmed by the results of the regression analysis, where the acclimatisation of gilts was the most important risk factor for a high ‘disease severity score’ among suckling, growing and finishing pigs. Similar importance of gilts for the course of the infection has been described in other studies determining the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae in suckling pigs and corresponding risk factors, respectively [27, 37]. The hypothesis of young breeding animals being the main source of shedding of M. hyopneumoniae in sow herds is underlined by the observation that prevalence of the infection is significantly higher in those herds, where no acclimatisation for replacement boars (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Modelling the within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in closed pig herds

Fournié

Wieland²,

Pfeiffer

et al. 2016

Porc Health Manag

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BackgroundA discrete time, stochastic, compartmental model simulating the spread of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae within a batch of industrially raised pigs was developed to understand infection dynamics and to assess the impact of a range of husbandry practices. A ‘disease severity’ index was calculated based on the ratio between the cumulative numbers of acutely and chronically diseased and infectious pigs per day in each age category, divided by the length of time that pigs spent in this age category. This is equal to the number of pigs per day, either acutely or chronically infectious and diseased, divided by the number of all pigs per all days in the model. The impact of risk and protective factors at batch level was examined by adjusting ‘acclimatisation of gilts’, ‘length of suckling period’, ‘vaccination of suckling pigs against M. hyopneumoniae’, ‘contact between fattening pigs of different age during restocking of compartments’ and ‘co-infections in fattening pigs’.ResultsThe highest ‘disease severity’ was predicted, when gilts do not have contact with live animals during their acclimatisation, suckling period is 28 days, no vaccine is applied, fatteners have contact with pigs of other ages and are suffering from co-infections. Pigs in this scenario become diseased/infectious for 26.1 % of their lifetime. Logistic regression showed that vaccination of suckling pigs was influential for ‘disease severity’ in growers and finishers, but not in suckling and nursery pigs. Lack of contact between gilts and other live pigs during the acclimatisation significantly influenced the ‘disease severity’ in suckling pigs but had less impact in growing and finishing pigs. The length of the suckling period equally affected the severity of the disease in all age groups with the strongest association in nursery pigs. The contact between fatteners of different groups influenced the course of infection among finishers, but not among other pigs. Finally, presence of co-infections was relevant in growers and finishers, but not in younger pigs.ConclusionThe developed model allows comparison of different prevention programmes and strategies for controlling transmission of M. hyopneumoniae.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40813-016-0026-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The likelihood of transmission of M. hyopneumoniae from sows to their offspring increased exponentially with the length of the suckling period, which is equal to the time under exposure [22, 26, 27]. Two scenarios assuming a length of the suckling period equal to 21 and 28 days, respectively, were tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in closed pig herds

Fournié

Wieland²,

Pfeiffer

et al. 2016

Porc Health Manag

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“…Noteworthy, in one study describing the course of infection from birth to slaughter, a well comparable detection rate of 3.8% was found in suckling pigs at the age of weaning [14]. Moreover, a recent randomized cross-sectional study reported an overall detection rate of 3.9% in this particular age group [24]. Notwithstanding, the detection rate assessed with PCR on nasal swabs can be influenced by the virulence of the strain (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Individual risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning

et al. 2013

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BackgroundIn recent years, the occurrence and the relevance of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs has been examined in several studies. Whereas most of these studies were focused on sole prevalence estimation within different age groups, follow-up of infected piglets or assessment of pathological findings, none of the studies included a detailed analysis of individual and environmental risk factors. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of M. hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs of endemically infected herds and to identify individual risk factors potentially influencing the infection status of suckling pigs at the age of weaning.ResultsThe animal level prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs examined in three conventional pig breeding herds was 3.6% (41/1127) at the time of weaning. A prevalence of 1.2% was found in the same pigs at the end of their nursery period. In a multivariable Poisson regression model it was found that incidence rate ratios (IRR) for suckling pigs are significantly lower than 1 when teeth grinding was conducted (IRR: 0.10). Moreover, high temperatures in the piglet nest during the first two weeks of life (occasionally >40°C) were associated with a decrease of the probability of an infection (IRR: 0.23-0.40). Contrary, the application of PCV2 vaccines to piglets was associated with an increased infection risk (IRR: 9.72).ConclusionsSince single infected piglets are supposed to act as initiators for the transmission of this pathogen in nursery and fattening pigs, the elimination of the risk factors described in this study should help to reduce the incidence rate of M. hyopneumoniae infections and thereby might contribute to a reduced probability of high prevalences in older pigs.

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“…One explanation for the lower TI 200 in longer farrowing rhythms might be that a longer period in-between two batches guarantees a better separation between the age groups and allows for more cleaning and disinfection time, resulting in less risk of transmission of pathogens between them. For example Nathues et al [42] showed that piglets within a herd with a 3-week system were less likely to be infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae compared to a 2-week system. His findings did not hold true for a 4-week system, but more pathogens and factors most likely influence our finding and not only M. hyopneumoniae , resulting in a positive effect in general for the longer farrowing rhythms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the relationship between the biosecurity status, production parameters, herd characteristics and antimicrobial usage in farrow-to-finish pig production in four EU countries

et al. 2016

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BackgroundHigh antimicrobial usage and the threat of antimicrobial resistance highlighted the need for reduced antimicrobial usage in pig production. Prevention of disease however, is necessary to obtain a reduced need for antimicrobial treatment. This study aimed at assessing possible associations between the biosecurity level, antimicrobial usage and farm and production characteristics in order to advice on best practices for a low antimicrobial usage and maximum animal health and production.A cross-sectional study was conducted in 227 farrow-to-finish pig herds in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden between December 2012 and December 2013. Associations between biosecurity status, antimicrobial usage, and production parameters were evaluated with multivariable general linear models, according to an assumed causal pathway.ResultsThe results showed that higher antimicrobial usage in sows tended to be associated with higher antimicrobial usage from birth until slaughter (p = 0.06). The antimicrobial usage from birth until slaughter was positively associated with the number of pathogens vaccinated against (p < 0.01). A shorter farrowing rhythm (p < 0.01) and a younger weaning age (p = 0.06) tended to be also associated with a higher antimicrobial usage from birth until slaughter whereas a better external biosecurity (p < 0.01) was related with a lower antimicrobial usage from birth until slaughter.ConclusionManagement practices such as weaning age and biosecurity measures may be important factors indirectly impacting on antimicrobial usage. We therefore promote a holistic approach when assessing the potential to reduce the need for antimicrobial treatments.

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Herd specific risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning

Cited by 32 publications

References 13 publications

Modelling the within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in closed pig herds

Modelling the within-herd transmission of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in closed pig herds

Individual risk factors for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in suckling pigs at the age of weaning

Evaluation of the relationship between the biosecurity status, production parameters, herd characteristics and antimicrobial usage in farrow-to-finish pig production in four EU countries

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