“…The portfolio theory (Markowitz, 1991) and the efficient market theory (Fama, 1970) state that all available infor-mation fully influences stock prices, and investors act rationally. However, in recent decades, psychologists and financial economists believe that the observed behavior in equity markets cannot be fully explained by neoclassical financial theory (Fransiska et al, 2018;Metawa et al, 2019;Muharam et al, 2021;Rahayu et al, 2021;Sachdeva et al, 2021). Although the efficient market hypothesis asserts that all necessary data should be reflected in asset prices, reliable predictions of future price changes are not possible (Fama, 1970).…”