Hereditary angioedema again revisited

Analysis of coagulation factors in angioedema/urticaria: increased values of D-dimer and fibrinogen in isolated angioedema

“…We collected patients with chronic angioedema based on the criteria for chronic urticaria, which is defined as the occurrence of wheals, angioedema, or both for more than 6 weeks (1). We excluded patients with hereditary angioedema, acute urticaria, inducible (physical and nonphysical) urticaria, or any form of urticaria other than spontaneous urticaria (1,9). With adherence to these inclusion and exclusion criteria, our study encompassed 29 patients diagnosed with chronic angioedema, spanning both those with isolated angioedema and those with chronic angioedema accompanied by wheals.…”

“…Angioedema is the result of fluid extravasation from increased vascular permeability, which is mediated by vasoactive mediators. There are two main types of angioedema: the rare hereditary angioedema (HAE) and the more common non-hereditary angioedema (non-HAE) (9)(10)(11). Angioedema is also classified by mediators, the two key mediators involved in its pathogenesis being histamine and bradykinin.…”

“…The variant mediated by bradykinin can be hereditary or acquired; for example, angioedema caused by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Angioedema mediated by histamine is mostly an allergic type, but it can also be caused by direct mast cell / basophil activation and consequent release of inflammatory mediators or by disruption of the arachidonic acid pathway (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The third type has a combination of mediators (e.g., angioedema caused by pseudoallergic reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs).…”