Heritability of Behavioral Problems in 7-Year Olds Based on Shared and Unique Aspects of Parental Views

Abstract

In studies of child psychopathology, phenotypes of interest are often obtained by parental ratings. When behavioral ratings are obtained in the context of a twin study, this allows for the decomposition of the phenotypic variance, into a genetic and a non-genetic part. If a phenotype is assessed by a single rater, heritability is based on the child’s behavior as expressed in the presence of that particular rater, whereas heritability based on assessments by multiple raters allows for the estimation of the heritability of the phenotype based on rater agreement, as well as the heritability of the rater specific view of the behavior. The aim of this twin study was to quantify the rater common and rater specific contributions to the variation in children’s behavioral problems. We estimated the heritability of maternal and paternal ratings of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 6–18 empirical emotional and behavioral problem scales in a large sample of 12,310 7-year old Dutch twin pairs. Between 30 and 59% of variation in the part of the phenotype parents agree upon was explained by genetic effects. Common environmental effects that make children in the same family similar explained less variance, ranging between 0 and 32%. For unique views of their children’s behavioral problems, heritability ranged between 0 and 20% for maternal and between 0 and 22% for paternal views. Between 7 and 24% of the variance was accounted for by common environmental factors specific to mother and father’s views. The proportion of rater shared and rater specific heritability can be translated into genetic correlations between parental views and inform the design and interpretation of results of molecular genetic studies. Genetic correlations were nearly or above 0.7 for all CBCL based psychopathology scales. Such large genetic correlations suggest two practical guidelines for genome-wide association studies (GWAS): when studies have collected data from either fathers or mothers, the shared genetic aetiology in parental ratings indicates that is possible to analyze paternal and maternal assessments in a single GWAS or meta-analysis. Secondly, if a study has collected information from both parents, a gain in statistical power may be realized in GWAS by the simultaneous analysis of the data.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10519-016-9823-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Maternal and paternal effects on offspring internalizing problems: Results from genetic and family‐based analyses

“…The current study also did not find a shared family effect (reflecting the influence of the other parent and the shared family environment) on depression or anxiety symptoms, within the pedigree‐based analyses. Within previous research, estimates of variance explained by the common family environment are broad and range from 0 to 0.32 (Fedko et al, 2017; Polderman et al, 2015; Wesseldijk et al, 2017). The ability to detect the effect varies, depending on the population and sample size.…”

“…So far, knowledge on genetic and environmental parental influences on offspring internalizing symptoms has largely relied on twin and family based designs rooted in quantitative genetics. Findings from 50 years of twin research estimate that ~40% of the variance within individual differences in childhood internalizing problems is due to genetic factors and up to ~36% is due to the common family environment, which encompasses parental factors that account for similarities within the offspring (Fedko et al, 2017; Polderman et al, 2015; Wesseldijk et al, 2017). The remaining variance is explained by unique environment effects (unshared between twins and siblings), which can also include parental factors.…”

Comparing the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems across socioeconomic strata in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

“…So far, twin studies have demonstrated that genetic differences between children explain about 52-78% of the differences in parent-reported behavioral problems in children. Shared environmental factors account for about 1-36% of the differences in childhood behavioral problems [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In addition, twin studies have shown that the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in childhood behavioral problems varies across SES strata, indicating a moderator effect of SES on the genetic architecture of childhood behavioral problems.…”

Extracting stability increases the SNP heritability of emotional problems in young people

“…Twin research suggests that variation in the part of children’s behaviour that raters see in common captures more of the genetic action than rater-specific variation 27 . For example, two studies found higher twin heritability for rater-common than rater-specific parts of variance in childhood anxiety (~46% vs ~17%) 28 , 29 . Further, the substantial covariation between anxiety and depression in childhood and adolescence is largely genetically influenced 10 , 30 .…”