“…However, in other areas they show variability that is different from monolingual norms (Alvord & Rogers, 2014; Amengual, 2016; Colantoni et al, 2016; Godson, 2004; Henriksen, 2015; Robles-Puente, 2014; Ronquest, 2012, 2013). Studies have found that heritage language vowel space either shows assimilation to or dissimilation from that of the majority language (Cummings Ruiz, 2019; Ronquest, 2012, 2013) and that heritage language stop productions are affected by factors such as cognate status (Amengual, 2012), code-switching (Łyskawa, Maddeaux, Melara & Nagy, 2016), and speaker generation (Mayr & Siddika, 2018; Nodari, Celata & Nagy, 2019). Some phonological properties may also show both variability and stability.…”