Herkunftsuntersuchungen

Noddack, Ida; Noddack, W.

doi:10.1002/ange.19340473703

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Initially, the approach taken was through chemical analysis, beginning in 1934 (Noddack and Noddack 1934) and leading on to the large-scale chemical analytical programmes of Otto and Witter (1952) and the Stuttgart group (Junghans et al 1960(Junghans et al , 1968(Junghans et al , 1974, conveniently reviewed by Härke (1978). Valuable though these studies were for establishing the development of metallurgy through time, they did not contribute much to establishing the metal ore sources used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID)

Stos-Gale¹,

Gale²

2009

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

227

102

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This paper reviews the research into the methodology of lead isotope provenance studies carried out at the University of Oxford between 1975 and, at first in the Department of Geology (Geological Age and Isotope Research Laboratory), later in the Isotrace Laboratory based in the Department of Nuclear Physics, and eventually part of the Research Laboratory of Archaeology and the History of Art. These 27 years of intensive work, funded initially by the Stiftung Volkswagenwerk, and later from numerous UK Government and Charitable funds and finally by the Institute of Aegean Prehistory laid the foundations of the lead isotope provenance methodology and resulted in a large database of analytical isotope and elemental results. In spite of the efforts of the authors, this database is still not comprehensively published or easily accessible in a digital format by all researchers interested in using this method for their projects. The possibilities of advancing this situation are discussed. The authors discuss in detail the basic restrictions and advantages of using the lead isotope compositions of ores in mineral deposits for finding the origin of the raw materials used for making ancient artefacts. Methods for the scientific interpretation of the data are discussed, including attempts to use statistical methods. The methodology of creating the Oxford lead isotope database (OXALID) is outlined and a summary is given of the lead isotope resource provided by OXALID.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal provenancing using isotopes and the Oxford archaeological lead isotope database (OXALID)

Stos-Gale¹,

Gale²

2009

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

227

102

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“…This technique allowed the determination of many elements at trace levels using minute sample masses and was the basis for the development of a new interdisciplinary field, geochemistry. Like their predecessors, geochemists also became interested in ancient metallurgy, and the first programmatic paper on provenance determination appeared in 1934 (Noddack and Noddack 1934). During this time, large analytical programmes on ancient metals and ores were started by Witter (1935, 1938) and Pittioni (1932) as well as Preuschen and Pittioni (1937), which led to the publication of major summary works (Otto and Witter 1952; Pittioni 1957) with a compilation of some 6000 analyses of prehistoric metal objects, mainly from Europe.…”

Section: Publishing Archaeometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

COINS, ARTEFACTS AND ISOTOPES—ARCHAEOMETALLURGY ANDARCHAEOMETRY*

Rehren

Pernicka

2008

Archaeometry

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Archaeometallurgy is one of the earliest manifestations of archaeometric research, using science-based approaches to address cultural-historical questions. This review first outlines the extent of the field, defining in some detail the main branches of archaeometallurgy, and their specific methodological approaches. It then looks at some of the early publications pioneering archaeometallurgical research, to set the scene for the publication pattern of archaeometallurgy in general, and the role that Archaeometry played in publishing archaeometallurgical research. The analysis of archaeometallurgy-themed publications in Archaeometry , their change over time and their relationship to the total range of work done in the field indicates that there is a rather narrowly defined and specific type of archaeometallurgy that gets published in Archaeometry , initially with a strong focus on coin and object analysis, often combined with method developments. The more recent developments in isotope-based studies in archaeometallurgy find only a limited representation in the journal, despite the leading role that the Isotrace Laboratory played in this discipline, for some considerable length of time. More recently, this Archaeometry -specific 'flavour' of archaeometallurgy seems to weaken, with an increase of papers on iron and on primary production in general, subjects still much under-represented.(tin-lead) and iron (iron-carbon and iron-phosphorus), although there are good reasons to extend archaeometallurgy to much more recent periods (e.g., Goodway and Odell 1988;Gilmour and Northover 2003;Rehren 2006;Bourgarit and Plateau 2007). Thus, it is not primarily the age of the material studied that defines archaeometallurgy, but the application of scientific methods to address cultural-historical questions. Reliance on scientific methods is often dictated by the 'ahistorical' nature of the crafts well into the recent past, resulting in at best patchy contemporary textual documentation being available.The first use of metals some 10 000 years ago was from natural occurrences as native metals, which did not require elaborate mining and smelting. This early metallurgy is limited to specific geological areas and is typical of the earliest use of gold, silver, copper, iron and mercury. The use of these native metals initially followed earlier, rather mechanical, approaches to lithic materials. However, supply of metals increased dramatically with the inception and spread of mining and extractive metallurgy, the origin of which is not yet clear, but seems to have risen in the late sixth millennium bc ; at the same time, genuinely metallurgical production and manufacturing techniques were developed, considerably expanding the use and versatility of metals. The emergence of alloys, both natural and intentional, further widened the range and appeal of metals available. In spite of these innovations and the subsequent, almost global, spread of metallurgy, the geological limitation of metal production to areas rich in specific ores remained....

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“…Compare the activity of the element in the unknown with that of the standard. 6. Check on the purity of each activity by measurements of half-lives and absorption spectra.…”

Section: ]mentioning

confidence: 99%