Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of Natal, Brazil

Pereira, Valeska S.S.; Moizéis, Raíza Nara Cunha; Fernandes, Thales A.A.M.; Araújo, Josélio M.G.; Meissner, Rosely V; Fernandes, José Veríssimo

doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.12.006

Cited by 36 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The prevalence of HSV demonstrated in this study was higher than that previously described in cervical samples from other countries. Several studies investigated asymptomatic HSV shedding from the uterine cervix by PCR -the lowest rates (approximately 3%) were observed in Turkey and Sweden and the highest in Argentina (21.5%) and Brazil (26%) (6)(7)(8)(9). It was interesting that most cases in our study were HSV1 positive and only one was HSV2 positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

Staykova¹,

Belovska²,

Murad³

et al. 2016

Cent Eur J Public Health

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SUMMARYAim: Although sexually transmitted viral infections are significant and increasing public health concern, little is known about their prevalence among Bulgarian women. The aim of this study was to investigate cervical viral infections in asymptomatic women.Methods: The study group included 52 randomly selected asymptomatic female volunteers from Bulgarian border town Kardzhali. Cervical specimens were tested by real-time PCR for human papillomaviruses (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Results: The investigation demonstrated a high rate (61.5%) of infection with one or more viruses of uterine cervix of participating women considered at low risk. The most prevalent was HPV, found in 32.7% of all women. The genotyping of high-risk (HR) HPV positive specimens showed that HPV16 was the most prevalent HR type. HSV prevalence (30.8%) was almost as high as that of HPV and most women were HSV1 infected. 9.6% and 5.8% of all specimens were positive for EBV and CMV, respectively.Conclusions: Our results indicate that women from Kardzhali region, involved in this study, might be at risk for development of genital tract pathology, including cervical cancer, and for transmission of virus infection sexually and perinatally.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

Staykova¹,

Belovska²,

Murad³

et al. 2016

Cent Eur J Public Health

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“…HSV-2 had a higher correlation with cytology and/or colposcopy changes than did HSV-1. 20 The seroprevalence for HSV1/2 was found to be higher in Brazil's northern region, 21 which also reported the majority of cases for microcephaly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HSV-2 enhances ZIKV infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells

Aldo

You

Szigeti

et al. 2016

Am J Reprod Immunol

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Problem: Zika virus (ZIKV) has gained public concern for its association with microcephaly in infants born to ZIKV-infected mothers. To reach the fetus the virus must overcome the defense mechanisms provided by trophoblast cells. Additionally, in the first trimester, the integrity of the placenta is critical for fetal protection as damage to differentiating trophoblast can affect placental formation and function. We sought to investigate the effect of ZIKV infection on trophoblast cells and the factors that might increase the risk for ZIKV infection during pregnancy.Methods: First-trimester human trophoblast cells, Swan 7.1, were infected with ZIKV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), and yellow fiver (YFV). C57BL/6 pregnant mice were infected with HSV-2, ZIKV, or coinfection. Placental viral titers were determined by RT-PCR.Results: ZIKV infection induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblasts and prevents differentiation of these cells. Furthermore, HSV-2 infection enhances placental sensitivity to ZIKV by enhancing the expression of TAM receptors, which facilitate ZIKV cell entry. Conclusion:These findings may explain the mechanism by which ZIKV breaches the placental barrier to access the fetus. Furthermore, our results suggest that patients with HSV-2 infection are at a higher risk for the teratogenic effects induced by ZIKV.

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“…Globally, HSV-2 is a major health threat, with 16% of the U.S. population infected by age 30 and 50 to 90% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa infected (3)(4)(5). Recent reports emphasize the importance of HSV-1 as an important etiologic agent of genital herpes particularly in the United States and other developed countries (6)(7)(8). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 among 14-to 49-year-olds in the United States reached 53.9% in 2005 to 2010 (5).…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein D/AS04 Vaccine against Genital HSV-2 and HSV-1 Infection and Disease in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus Model

Boukhvalova

McKay

Mbaye

et al. 2015

J Virol

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Subunit vaccines based on the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD-2) have been the major focus of HSV-2 vaccine development for the past 2 decades. Based on the promising data generated in the guinea pig model, a formulation containing truncated gD-2, aluminum salt, and MPL (gD/AS04) advanced to clinical trials. The results of these trials, however, were unexpected, as the vaccine protected against HSV-1 infection but not against HSV-2. To address this discrepancy, we developed a Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA)-treated cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus model of HSV-2 and HSV-1 genital infection. The severity of HSV-1 genital herpes was less than that of HSV-2 genital herpes in cotton rats, and yet the model allowed for comparative evaluation of gD/AS04 immunogenicity and efficacy. Cotton rats were intramuscularly vaccinated using a prime boost strategy with gD/AS04 (Simplirix vaccine) or control vaccine formulation (hepatitis B vaccine FENDrix) and subsequently challenged intravaginally with HSV-2 or HSV-1. The gD/AS04 vaccine was immunogenic in cotton rats and induced serum IgG directed against gD-2 and serum HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies but failed to efficiently protect against HSV-2 disease or to decrease the HSV-2 viral load. However, gD/AS04 significantly reduced vaginal titers of HSV-1 and better protected animals against HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 genital disease. The latter finding is generally consistent with the clinical outcome of the Herpevac trial of Simplirix. Passive transfer of serum from gD/AS04-immunized cotton rats conferred stronger protection against HSV-1 genital disease. These findings suggest the need for alternative vaccine strategies and the identification of new correlates of protection. IMPORTANCEIn spite of the high health burden of genital herpes, there is still no effective intervention against the disease. The significant gap in knowledge on genital herpes pathogenesis has been further highlighted by the recent failure of GSK HSV-2 vaccine Simplirix (gD/AS04) to protect humans against HSV-2 and the surprising finding that the vaccine protected against HSV-1 genital herpes instead. In this study, we report that gD/AS04 has higher efficacy against HSV-1 compared to HSV-2 genital herpes in the novel DMPA-synchronized cotton rat model of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection. The findings help explain the results of the Simplirix trial.T he disease burden associated with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection, an important cause of genital herpes worldwide, is high and presents an additional threat due to its association with an increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission (1-3). Globally, HSV-2 is a major health threat, with 16% of the U.S. population infected by age 30 and 50 to 90% of the population in sub-Saharan Africa infected (3-5). Recent reports emphasize the importance of HSV-1 as an important etiologic agent of genital herpes particularly in the United States and other developed countries (6-8). Seroprevalence of HSV-1 among 14-to 49-year-olds in the Uni...

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Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the main cause of genital herpes in women of Natal, Brazil

Abstract: HSV-1 was the major cause of genital infection by Herpes simplex virus in the women included in this study. No association was found between HSV infection and the socio-demographic characteristics or some classical risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases.

Cited by 36 publications

References 24 publications

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

Cervical Viral Infections among Asymptomatic Bulgarian Women

HSV-2 enhances ZIKV infection of the placenta and induces apoptosis in first-trimester trophoblast cells

Efficacy of the Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) Glycoprotein D/AS04 Vaccine against Genital HSV-2 and HSV-1 Infection and Disease in the Cotton Rat Sigmodon hispidus Model

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