Translation and Exile (1933-1945) III examines the motives, functions and effects of translations. Exile is often discussed in terms of loss and the exodus of scholars and artists is lamented. If we abandon this nation-state approach and consistently examine people and objects from the perspective of exile, it becomes clear that the path to this point is linked to an opening - towards other spaces and new academic and literary contexts. This leads to a change in strategies. In terms of translation theory and translation sociology, this change in perspective allows questions about the motives and, above all, the effects of translation to emerge in a new breadth and diversity. As a result, the change in the actual practice of translation and interpreting is clearly evident. It adapts to the motives, needs and functions that translation in exile entails, be it in journals, academia, fiction or in “pragmatic” translation.