SummaryWe have evaluated the ability of steady-state, radially-resolved, broad-band near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to measure carbogen-induced changes in haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO 2 ) and total haemoglobin concentration in a rat R3230 mammary adenocarcinoma model in vivo. Detectable shifts toward higher saturations were evident in all tumours (n = 16) immediately after the onset of carbogen breathing. The SO 2 reached a new equilibrium within 1 min and remained approximately constant during 200-300 s of administration. The return to baseline saturation was more gradual when carbogen delivery was stopped. The degree to which carbogen increased SO 2 was variable among tumours, with a tendency for tumours with lower initial SO 2 to exhibit larger changes. Tumour haemoglobin concentrations at the time of peak enhancement were also variable. In the majority of cases, haemoglobin concentration decreased in response to carbogen, indicating that increased tumour blood volume was not responsible for the observed elevation in SO 2 . We observed no apparent relationship between the extent of the change in tumour haemoglobin concentration and the magnitude of the change in the saturation. Near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy provides a rapid, non-invasive means of monitoring spatially averaged changes in tumour haemoglobin oxygen saturation induced by oxygen modifiers.Keywords: oxygen; tumour oxygenation; carbogen; haemoglobin; diffuse reflectance spectroscopy; radiotherapy
1709British Journal of Cancer (1999) 79(11/12), 1709-1716 © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign Article no. bjoc.1998 Received 21 April 1998 Revised 19 August 1998 Accepted 21 August 1998 Correspondence to: TH Foster (HbO 2 ) saturation may be determined from the tissue absorption spectrum, which may be reconstructed from appropriate reflectance measurements. Successful spectroscopic determination of the HbO 2 saturation (SO 2 ) in the near infrared spectral region depends upon two things: (1) the ability to determine accurately the absorption spectrum in the presence of significant light scattering by tissue and (2) the ability to account properly for the contributions of chromophores other than haemoglobin in the measured tissue absorption spectrum. We have recently reported on a multi-wavelength, continuous-wave diffuse reflectance spectrometer and data reduction scheme that address both of these criteria Nichols et al, 1997; Hull et al, 1998). Here, we describe the use of this spectroscopic method to obtain non-invasively the response of subcutaneous rat mammary adenocarcinomas to carbogen breathing. The technique is simultaneously sensitive to both the HbO 2 saturation and to the tumour haemoglobin concentration.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Near infrared spectroscopyOur instrumentation and method of data reduction for performing quantitative diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in highly scattering systems has been described in detail elsewhere (Nichols et al, 1997; Hull et al, 1998). Briefly, we have constructed a continuou...