Polymers are widely applied in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) utilizing the increased viscosity to sweep oil residuals from reservoirs, and thus, various types of polymers are available in the market. The salinity of the oil reservoirs is a key question in EOR processes since the chemical composition and concentration of salts in the underground water highly affect the viscoelastic properties of the EOR polymers. Here, four types of commercially available polymers containing AAM, AAC, and AMPS and hydrophilic monomers were studied, considering rheology, size, and charge features in aqueous solutions. The salinity-dependent coherent−incoherent (gel−sol) structural transitions were characterized by the transition salt concentration (TSC) values, which were sensitive to the valence of the counterions in the systems. The TSC data were also dependent on the rheology setup (rotational or oscillation), indicating the importance of the flow conditions in the oil reservoirs. The obtained data revealed that kosmotrope ions such as Ca 2+ are efficient in stabilizing the sol, i.e., macromolecular solution, state in contrast to chaotrope ions like Na + , whose presence led to higher TSC values. Other polymer−counterion interactions such as ion binding and charge screening also play crucial roles in the structure formation, size, and charge features of the polymers. The reported data are important to choose polymer solutions for EOR applications in reservoirs of different salinities.