Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials: Synthesis, Mechanism, and Application for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

the standard electrochemical potential of Na (2.71 V vs Na + /Na) is lower than that of Li (3.04 V vs Li + /Li), the successful academic and commercial experiences of LIBs can be referred by SIBs. Therefore, SIBs have been regarded as the most promising alternatives to LIBs. In the past few years, many novel materials have been developed and evaluated as electrode materials for SIBs. For instance, a number of transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides and fluorides, polyanions, Prussian blue compounds, and organic polymers have been investigated as cathode materials for SIBs. [4][5][6] However, it seems that there are very limited options for SIB anodes. Only a few materials have shown satisfactory sodium storage performance, such as carbonaceous materials, metal alloys, metal oxides and sulfides, and Ti-based oxides (TiO 2 and sodium titanate). [7][8][9] Among them, carbonaceous materials, especially the hard carbons and heteroatom-doped carbons, are mostly investigated because of their low cost, abundant resource, and high electronic conductivity. [10][11][12][13][14] In addition, doping carbons with heteroatoms such as B, N, O, S, and P have been regarded as an effective method to improve the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials. [15,16] Among the heteroatom-doped carbons, N-doped carbons have become the most studied materials for improving the sodium storage performance over the past several years. It is also proved that doping with other heteroatoms can increase the sodium storage capacity by introducing defects, enhancing the conductivity, improving the porosity, or optimizing the interlayer of carbon. In recent years, several groups have reviewed the progress of carbonaceous materials for energy applications, such as LIBs, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and solar cells. For example, in 2013 Paraknowitsch and Thomas reviewed the development of carbon materials and their use in energy devices. [17] They suggested that S and P doping could induce the structural distortion and change the charge density of the carbons due to their different atom size and electronegativity from carbon, while B codoping could create synergistic effect on performance improvement. In 2015, Peng and co-workers presented the progress of carbonaceous electrode materials including fullerene, carbon nanotube, graphene, and mesoporous carbon for energy conversion and storage devices. [18] Particularly, N-doped multiwalled carbon nanotube have widely used in solar cells, while N-and B-doped graphene and N/P-codoped reduced graphene oxide have played important roles in LIBs. In 2016, Ji and co-workers focused Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) show promising application in large-scale energy storage as future alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Carbonaceous materials are attractive anode candidates for SIBs due to low cost, abundance, and high safety. In general, doping heteroatoms such as N, B, O, S, and P in carbon-based materials gives rise to high electronic mobility, good sodium mobility, and enhanced capacity, showi...

Bacterium, Fungus, and Virus Microorganisms for Energy Storage and Conversion

“…Among these, BDC are superb host/active materials due to their large‐scale production, morphological diversity, and in situ doped heteroatoms. It is well known that the doping of various heteroatoms would introduce numerous active sites, increase defect amounts, enhance the electronic conductivity, and improve the chemical adsorption ability, which can enhance the reaction activities and electrochemical kinetics in energy storage and conversion devices …”

“…It is well known that the doping of various heteroatoms would introduce numerous active sites, increase defect amounts, enhance the electronic conductivity, and improve the chemical adsorption ability, which can enhance the reaction activities and electrochemical kinetics in energy storage and conversion devices. [6,88] Recently, nitrogen doping is the most widely studied single doping method to enhance the electronic conductivity and reaction activity. Using S. aureus as raw materials, Wu et al [82] have successfully synthesized a round-shaped S. aureus-derived carbon (SDC) with nitrogen heteroatoms (Figure 2a) though direct heat treatment at the temperature of 800 °C.…”

“…In contrast to the single-metal nanoparticles, bimetallic ones with various metal components attract more attentions in this biosynthesis system, which can further improve the functionalities in virtue of their superior catalytic, electronic, and physiochemical characteristics. Interestingly, utilizing S. oneidensis MR-1 as the precursor, Tuo et al [94] synthesized bio-PdPt nanoparticles in the mineral salt medium with Na 2 PdCl 4 (Pd(II)) and H 2 PtCl 6 ·(H 2 O) 6 (Pt(IV)) salts. The whole reduction process was occurred at 30 °C for 24 h. From the TEM and HRTEM images, it could be observed that both small nanoparticles with a diameter of 4.41 nm and flower-shaped nanoparticles (≈59.9 nm) were homogeneously deposited on the surface of the cells, which were corresponding to the Pt/Pd nanoparticles and PdPt alloy nanoparticles after hydrothermal reaction.…”

Nanohollow Carbon for Rechargeable Batteries: Ongoing Progresses and Challenges

“…Since the 1990s, carbon-based materials have been widely employed as electrode materials in various energy storage and conversion devices, especially different types of rechargeable batteries, where graphite is the most widely used anode material for almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries until now [13]. Notably, these rechargeable batteries store charges by the Faraday reaction process and the corresponding electrochemical kinetics are relatively slow [14][15][16]. For example, carbon materials in any bulk form offer a limited population of active sites and require long ion diffusion pathways, leading to badly compromised reaction kinetics and poor performance.…”

Single‐Step Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Nitride/Molybdenum Sulfide Nanohybrids for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries

“…[12][13][14] Recent studies reported that doping of heteroatoms such as B, N, O, P and S in carbon gives rise to electrode performance of the carbon in SIBs because of a favorable change in adsorption energy of sodium ions upon the heteroatom-doping. [15][16][17] In general, synthetic routes for the multicomponent materials are more complex and challenging when the number of component elements is increased.…”