Heteroatom–doped hollow carbon microspheres based on amphiphilic supramolecular vesicles and highly crosslinked polyphosphazene for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials

Abstract

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A Review on the Morphologically Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazenes for Electrochemical Applications

“…The further size reduction was made by our group 0.3–1.3 μm by using [1,1‐diamnomethyl‐ferocene (FDA)] as organic precursor [47] . Hollow hybrid PPNs supramolecular vesicles of 1.5–2.5 μm; by employing the idea of in‐situ synthesis of hollow porous materials; by spending 1,4‐diamnobenzene ( p ‐PDA) and 4,4‐thio‐bis benzene‐thiol [48] . A 3D PZM@RGO@Co 2 P mesoporous carbon with PZM core of 500 nm diameter was constructed and studied by Qiu et al [49] …”

“…The choice of washing to remove the residuals of KOH can be adopted according to the impurities present in matrix i . e., ZnO nano‐rods can be removed by using 2–6 M HCl solution [38a,48,66] …”

“…The HCMs‐750 has promising N 2 sorption and comprises better pore volume 1.25 cm 3 g −1 and 2199.0 m 2 /g BET area, with the following composition: S (0.54 %), N (1.2 %), O (9.29 %) and C (88.5 %). The degree of graphitization decline with the boost up of carbonization temperature [48] …”

Phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped reduced graphene oxide as superior electrode nanomaterials for supercapacitors

“…5,6 Several methods are used to prepare heteroatom-doped carbon materials, such as external doping, 5 direct pyrolysis, 6 and addition of polymers, 7 and commonly used nitrogen-rich precursors. 8 Polyphosphazenes are polymers with an alternation of phosphorous and nitrogen atoms 9,10 with different chemical structures and functionalities and can be used as precursors to prepare carbon materials. 11,12 Doping of porous carbon with nitrogen and phosphorus proved to result in excellent capacitive performance.…”

Oxygen and Nitrogen Co‐enriched Sustainable Porous Carbon Hollow Microspheres from Sodium Lignosulfonate for Supercapacitors with High Volumetric Energy Densities

“…[12][13][14][20][21][22] It is widely known that CMSs are synthesized through carbonization of carbon precursors with spherical morphology, including glucose, starch, phenolic resin and other polymers. [14,21,23,24] Tremendous efforts have been exerted to develop advanced strategies for preparation of spherical carbon precursors, and these strategies can be mainly divided into five categories: hydrothermal polymerization, [21,23,25,26] oxidation/microemulsion polymerization, [12,14,27] molecule self-assembly, [20] coating polymerization on spherical templates [28] and spray drying. [29][30][31][32] However, as for the former four methods, highpressure equipment, expensive agent and complicated process may limit their large-scale application in practice.…”