Heteroatom‐doped Nanostructured Carbon Materials as ORR Electrocatalysts for Low‐temperature Fuel Cells

The Effect of CNTs on Performance Improvement of rGO Supported Fe-Nx/C Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

“…1 Suitable electrocatalysts for ORR are revealed from volcano plots, 2 but extensively investigated Pt and Pt-based materials come with disadvantages such as scarcity, high cost, poor stability and low carbon monoxide tolerance. 3,4 Therefore, a large number of non-precious metal (NPM) electrocatalysts, such as carbon-supported transition metal macrocycles, 5 metal oxides, 6 chalcogenides, 7 carbides, 8 nitrides, 9 perovskites, 10 and oxynitrides, 11 emerge as alternatives to Pt-based electrocatalysts. Among them, the metal-N x -C electrocatalysts have gained increasing attention due to their promising catalytic performance toward ORR.…”

Corrosion and Materials Degradation in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Devices

“…More details about the various types of fuel cells can be found elsewhere. [17,[20][21][22][23] PEMC's long-term durability trust in aggressive service conditions, such as pH (between 3 and 6), temperature (65-80 °C), potential (0 to � 1.5 V vs RHE), reacting gases, relative humidity, and anions (F À , Cl À and SO 4 2À ) released by MEA. Higher potentials (� 1.6 V vs SHE) can arise during fuel starvation and startup/shutdown conditions.…”

Tuning Sugar Biomass Waste Conversion for the Preparation of Carbon Materials for Supercapacitors and Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction

“…[ 29 ] In addition to single atom doping, codoping with two elements or multidoping (more than three elements) CMs can create a unique electronic structure with a synergistic coupling effect between the heteroatoms, capable of significantly increasing the specific activity and selectivity of the catalyst. [ 31,32 ]…”

“…[29] In addition to single atom doping, codoping with two elements or multidoping (more than three elements) CMs can create a unique electronic structure with a synergistic coupling effect between the heteroatoms, capable of significantly increasing the specific activity and selectivity of the catalyst. [31,32] As mentioned above, it is extremely important for both SCs and ORR catalysts to use CMs doped with heteroatoms. One of the doping ways is self-doping, where the carbonization of renewable plant raw materials generates carbon doped with the elements included in the raw material composition, which is much simpler, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly than artificial doping.…”

“…[29,30] The catalytic activity and selectivity of CMs depend on their chemical affinity for O 2 and ORR intermediates, which can be controlled by doping with heteroatoms (N, O, P, S, and B) and creating defects. [31][32][33][34] The doping of CMs with heteroatoms with radii greater than that of the C atom leads to local charge redistribution and allows C atoms or doped atoms to become catalytically active sites in the ORR. [29] In addition to single atom doping, codoping with two elements or multidoping (more than three elements) CMs can create a unique electronic structure with a synergistic coupling effect between the heteroatoms, capable of significantly increasing the specific activity and selectivity of the catalyst.…”