Heteroatom necklaces ofsp²amorphous carbons. XPS supported INS and DRIFT spectroscopy

Graphene Domain Signature of Raman Spectra of sp2 Amorphous Carbons

“…A deep similarity of the spectra for a large set of samples of defect and disordered crystals of graphite and graphene [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] has created a favorable basis for successful use and further improvement Figure 1. Schematic transformation from a single basic structure units (BSU) molecule (one of the BSU models C66O4H6 for shungite carbon [18]) to powdered solid amorphous carbon via BSU stacks and globule(s). The stacks consist of 4 to 7 BSU layers, differently oriented to each other.…”

“…The size distribution of the observed nanoscale particles peaked at 25 nm. [18]) to powdered solid amorphous carbon via BSU stacks and globule(s). The stacks consist of 4 to 7 BSU layers, differently oriented to each other.…”

“…According to studies [17,18,23], BSUs of both natural and synthetic sp 2 ACs present graphene molecules, which are based on a honeycomb fragments, or graphene domains. Obeying the general laws of chemistry of nanosize objects [24], the domains edge atoms are terminated by heteroatoms and/or atomic groups, including hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, halogens mainly, making heteroatom necklaces.…”

“…At the same time, despite the complexity of the overall fractal structure of sp 2 ACs, precisely BSUs are the main players concerning the solids properties, thus stipulating molecular-structural approach for their description. Firstly, successfully applied to vibrational spectra of the solids provided with INS and DRIFT spectroscopies [18,25], in the current paper, the approach is extended over the Raman scattering. The set of the selected sp 2 ACs of the highest-rank carbonization involved shungite carbon (ShC), anthraxolite (AnthX), and anthracite (AnthC), one chemically (Ak-rGO) and one thermal-shock (TE-rGO) reduced technical graphenes, as well as two industrially produced Sigma-Aldrich carbon blacks-699632 (CB632) and 699624 (CB624) (see detailed description of samples in [17,18]).…”

“…Firstly, successfully applied to vibrational spectra of the solids provided with INS and DRIFT spectroscopies [18,25], in the current paper, the approach is extended over the Raman scattering. The set of the selected sp 2 ACs of the highest-rank carbonization involved shungite carbon (ShC), anthraxolite (AnthX), and anthracite (AnthC), one chemically (Ak-rGO) and one thermal-shock (TE-rGO) reduced technical graphenes, as well as two industrially produced Sigma-Aldrich carbon blacks-699632 (CB632) and 699624 (CB624) (see detailed description of samples in [17,18]). The set is complemented with two graphites of the best quality from Botogol'sk deposit [26], characterized by mono-(mncr) and micronanocrystalline (µncr) structure.…”