Heteroblastic Development in Vascular Plants

Allsopp, A.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4831-9953-5.50008-1

Cited by 94 publications

(87 citation statements)

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“…At the scale of the metamer for example, leaf structure is a reliable marker of the different stages [3,65], and provides a means for estimating the plant differentiation level or, in other words, its "physiological age" [4]. Nicolini and Chanson [52] have pointed out the relationships between the developmental stages of beech trees (Fagus sylvativa L.) and their foliar anatomy and morphology (i.e., leaf width, mesophyll ratio, leaf mass area, …).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links between tree structure and functional leaf traits in the tropical forest tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Caesalpiniaceae)

et al. 2005

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-This study looked at the interactive effects of tree architectural stage of development (ASD) and light availability on different plant traits (growth parameters, leaf morpho-anatomy and photosynthetic capacities) in the tropical species Dicorynia guianensis. A qualitative architectural analysis was used to categorize tree individuals sampled along a natural light gradient. The results show that some traits could have an ASD-dependence at the whole plant and leaf level without control of light. The changes observed relate to vigour thresholds the plant has to reach to shift from one ASD to another (i.e., the number of nodes and the internodes length per Growth Unit). Light conditions do not modify these thresholds but may modify the time they are crossed. Tree height was found strongly modulated by light conditions; hence, at a similar height, individuals may belong to different ASD. At the functional level, a decrease in N m , and A maxm was observed with increasing light availability, while N a increased and A maxa remained unaffected. An ASD effect was also observed on A maxa and LMA but not on A maxm . These results demonstrated a weak ability of photosynthetic plasticity in response to light conditions, and that variations of leaf photosynthetic variables according to ASD can be explained by modifications in leaf nitrogen and LMA. Questions on the reliability of a height-based sampling strategy for evaluating the phenotypic plasticity of trees in relation to light conditions are raised.Dicorynia guianensis / leaf structure / functional leaf traits / plasticity / tree structure Résumé -Relations entre architecture des arbres et traits fonctionnels foliaires de l'angélique Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Caesalpiniaceae) en forêt tropicale humide. Les relations entre stades architecturaux de développement (ASD), morpho-anatomie foliaire et capacités photosynthétiques ont été étudiées chez Dicorynia guianensis, une espèce forestière de Guyane. Les ASD ont été définis à l'aide de critères qualitatifs par une méthode simple de description architecturale puis échantillonnés le long d'un gradient naturel de lumière. Les résultats montrent que chaque ASD peut être identifié par un syndrome de caractères quantitatifs. Ces caractères évoluent d'un stade à l'autre, et dans les différents milieux, selon une séquence ordonnée d'événements qui se manifestent pour des seuils de vigueur donnés. Les conditions lumineuses ne modifient pas ces seuils mais avanceraient ou différeraient dans le temps leur passage. La hauteur des individus et le LMA sont fortement modulés par la lumière. Ainsi, pour une même hauteur, des individus peuvent correspondre à des ASD variés. Au niveau fonctionnel, l'augmentation du rayonnement incident s'est traduite par une diminution de N m , et de A maxm et par une augmentation de N a , tandis que A maxa n'a pas été affectée. Un effet marqué de l'ASD a été constaté sur A maxa et LMA mais pas sur A maxm . Ces résultats révèlent une faible plasticité photosynthétique chez D. guianensis et mon...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links between tree structure and functional leaf traits in the tropical forest tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Caesalpiniaceae)

et al. 2005

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“…However, this conclusion has rarely been tested experimentally. The effect of exogenous factors on leaf morphology has been studied extensively (1,4), but there is surprisingly little information about when phase-specific aspects of leaf anatomy and morphology are determined during leaf development. Sussex and Clutter (14) found that adult leaf primordia of the fern Osmunda cinnamomea develop as juvenile leaves when cultured on a medium containing low levels of sucrose, demonstrating that leaf identity is not specified until after leaf initiation in this species.…”

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“…P lants produce different types of leaves or leaf-like organs at different stages in their development (a phenomenon called heteroblasty or phase change) (1)(2)(3)(4). Among these are cotyledons, the variety of leaf types produced during the vegetative growth of the shoot, inflorescence bracts, and the highly modified leaves found in flowers and other reproductive structures.…”

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Phase identity of the maize leaf is determined after leaf initiation

Orkwiszewski

Poethig

2000

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The vegetative development of the maize shoot can be divided into juvenile and adult phases based on the types of leaves produced at different times in shoot development. Models for the regulation of phase change make explicit predictions about when the identity of these types of leaves is determined. To test these models, we examined the timing of leaf type determination in maize. Clones induced in transition leaf primordia demonstrated that the juvenile and adult regions of these leaves do not become clonally distinct until after the primordium is 700 m in length, implying that these cell fates were undetermined at this stage of leaf development. Adult shoot apices were cultured in vitro to induce rejuvenation. We found that leaf primordia as large as 3 mm in length can be at least partially rejuvenated by this treatment, and the location of rejuvenated tissue is correlated with the maturation pattern of the leaf. The amount and distribution of juvenile tissue in rejuvenated leaves suggests that rejuvenation occurs nearly simultaneously in all leaf primordia. In vitro culture rejuvenated existing leaf primordia and the P0 primordium, but did not change the identity of subsequent primordia or the total number of leaves produced by the shoot. This result suggests that leaf identity can be regulated independently of the identity of the shoot apical meristem, and it implies that vegetative phase change is not initiated by a change in the identity of the shoot apical meristem. P lants produce different types of leaves or leaf-like organs at different stages in their development (a phenomenon called heteroblasty or phase change) (1-4). Among these are cotyledons, the variety of leaf types produced during the vegetative growth of the shoot, inflorescence bracts, and the highly modified leaves found in flowers and other reproductive structures. Genetic and molecular analyses of floral morphogenesis have provided a detailed model (the ABC model) for the regulation of floral organ identity (5, 6). In contrast, the specification of vegetative organ identity remains very poorly understood (7).One of the questions that is still unresolved is when the identity of a leaf is determined. Many investigators have reported that heteroblastic variation in leaf anatomy and morphology is discernable very early in leaf development (8-13), and have therefore concluded that leaf identity is specified during the earliest stages of leaf initiation. However, this conclusion has rarely been tested experimentally. The effect of exogenous factors on leaf morphology has been studied extensively (1, 4), but there is surprisingly little information about when phase-specific aspects of leaf anatomy and morphology are determined during leaf development. Sussex and Clutter (14) found that adult leaf primordia of the fern Osmunda cinnamomea develop as juvenile leaves when cultured on a medium containing low levels of sucrose, demonstrating that leaf identity is not specified until after leaf initiation in this species. In addition, experimental an...

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“…The timing of ontogenetic changes is subject to environmental influence (Allsopp, 1967;Lee and Richards, 1991;Jones 1995; and examples given by Alpert and Simms, 2002). The best known examples concern the transition from 'juvenile' to 'adult' growth forms.…”

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“…Metamorphosis in plants includes the phenomenon of heteroblasty, i.e., genetically programmed changes among successive metamers that occur as a normal expression of whole-plant ontogeny (Ashby, 1948;Jones, 1999). Heteroblastic changes can include such traits as shoot orientation, phyllotaxy, leaf size, shape, anatomy and biochemistry, internode length and width, the fates of lateral meristems, and the capacity to flower (Goebel, 1900;Arber, 1919;Allsopp 1965Allsopp , 1967. The term heteroblasty has also been extended to include more subtle shifts in qualitative and quantitative features of vegetative shoots (Poethig, 1988;1990;Kerstetter and Poethig, 1998;reviewed in Diggle, 1999) and even to morphological changes in floral form within inflorescence axes (Lord, 1979).…”

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A developmental morphologist's perspective on plasticity

Diggle

2002

Evolutionary Ecology

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Abstract. This series of essays addresses plasticity from the perspective of developmental morphology. The first essay deals with the problem of distinguishing between plasticity and other types of ontogenetic variation. In a temporally varying environment, morphological plasticity may be expressed as the production of a succession of different metamers. However, even in a constant environment, plant metamers can vary dramatically, a phenomenon known as heteroblasty. Because heteroblasty and plasticity can yield similar patterns of ontogenetic variation, the two are often confounded in analyses of developmental plasticity. The second essay discusses the integration of plant phenotypic responses and finds that the evidence for integration is equivocal. The third section shows that developmental properties can constrain the expression of morphological plasticity. Developmental lags and the 'epiphenotype problem' are particularly important features for analyses of the evolution and expression of plasticity. Finally, in answer to the question of strategies for studying plasticity, I emphasize the need for research at multiple levels and for the inclusion of a historical or phylogenetic perspective.

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Heteroblastic Development in Vascular Plants

Cited by 94 publications

References 78 publications

Links between tree structure and functional leaf traits in the tropical forest tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Caesalpiniaceae)

Links between tree structure and functional leaf traits in the tropical forest tree Dicorynia guianensis Amshoff (Caesalpiniaceae)

Phase identity of the maize leaf is determined after leaf initiation

A developmental morphologist's perspective on plasticity

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