Heterodyne interferometer for absolute amplitude vibration measurements with femtometer sensitivity

Leirset, Erlend; Engan, Helge E.; Aksnes, Astrid

doi:10.1364/oe.21.019900

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The most compact interferometer reviewed here, with a specified size is developed by Royer et al 64 , this device has excellent resolution of 30 fm / √ Hz at 70 MHz, however the device does not specify its linearity. The most linear interferometer is that presented by Weichert et al 77 with non-linearities less than 5 pm and a noise floor of 30 fm / √ Hz above 150 Hz, though it lacks the simplicity of devices such as the one presented in Leirset et al 65 . A summary of the interferometers reviewed and their subsequent sensitivities are shown in chronological order in Table II.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here the second laser frequency is generated in the reference arm of the interferometer. Leirset et al 65 improve upon this design by focusing the beam on the input of the AOM and report a significant resolution improvement of 7.1 fm / √ Hz at 21 Mhz. In Willemin et al 66 a heterodyne interferometer is proposed to measure vibrations in the inner ear, the device used in these experiments has a resolution 30 pm / √ Hz at 1 Hz.…”

Section: Single Photodiode Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Watchi

Cooper

Ding

et al. 2018

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Compact interferometers, called phasemeters, make it possible to operate over a large range while ensuring a high resolution. Such performance is required for the stabilization of large instruments dedicated to experimental physics such as gravitational wave detectors. This paper aims at presenting the working principle of the different types of phasemeters developed in the literature. These devices can be classified into two categories: homodyne and heterodyne interferometers. Improvement of resolution and accuracy has been studied for both devices. Resolution is related to the noise sources that are added to the signal. Accuracy corresponds to distortion of the phase measured with respect to the real phase, called non-linearity. The solutions proposed to improve the device resolution and accuracy are discussed based on a comparison of the reached resolutions and of the residual non-linearities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single Photodiode Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Watchi

Cooper

Ding

et al. 2018

Review of Scientific Instruments

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“…Interferometers have gained popularity as the optical detection method of choice and several setups have been published [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33].…”

Section: Optical Characterization Of Surface Vibrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Kokkonen

Meltaus

Pensala

et al. 2012

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 112/2014 © Kimmo Kokkonen AbstractThe research summarized in this dissertation focuses on the development of a heterodyne scanning laser interferometer and of data-analysis techniques for the characterization and analysis of the surface vibration fields in microacoustic devices and test structures.The heterodyne laser interferometer enables a phase-sensitive, absolute-amplitude detection of the out-of-plane component of a surface vibration field, with a minimum detectable amplitude of less than a picometer, while the lateral resolution is better than 1 micrometer. The instrument features a flat frequency response up to 6 GHz.The phase-sensitive absolute-amplitude data enables the visualization of the actual wave behavior in electromechanical components and test structures, but more importantly, it is the basis for further analysis. The research instrument is applied to the study of electroacoustic devices based on surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) technologies. Two novel SAW devices are studied in detail: a phononic crystal (PnC) structure and a scattering structure resulting in a random wave field. PnCs are acoustic metamaterials that can provide engineered material properties. The laser interferometric measurements were amongst the first to directly characterize the wave interaction with the PnC. SAW slowness curves of an anisotropic substrate material are extracted by measuring and analyzing the scattered random wave field. Data analysis methods are developed further in the context of BAW research by experimentally addressing two important aspects of device design: the correct operation of the acoustic reflector used to confine the energy in the resonator, and investigation of the role of the dispersion and standing wave resonances to the spurious responses often observed in high-Q resonators. Fourier transform techniques are used for selective visualization of wave fields and for the extraction of the dispersion characteristics of the plate-waves. The dispersion data are then further used to analyze the transfer characteristics of an acoustic reflector and to study the properties of lateral eigenresonances and the lateral energy confinement in detail.The research described in this thesis provides a detailed characterization of the operation of SAW and BAW devices and effects within, highlighting and further developing the experimental characterization capabilities and data-analysis methods.Keywords laser interferometry, microacoustics, surface acoustic waves, bulk acoustic waves Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjatyö käsittelee heterodyne-tyyppisen laserinterferometrin sekä interferometrin tuottaman datan analyysitekniikoiden kehittämistä pintavärähtelykenttien karakterisoimiseksi ja analysoimiseksi mikroakustisissa komponenteissa ja testirakenteissa.Työssä rakennettu heterodynelaserinterferometri mahdollistaa pintavärähtelyiden vaiheherkät absoluuttiamplitudimittaukset aina 6 GHz taajuuteen asti. Laitteisto kykenee värähtely-kenttien k...

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“…This is because (a) the widely employed lock-in demodulation only detects a single vibration frequency at a time and (b) pixel dwell times on the millisecond scale are needed to reach single-digit femtometer vertical sensitivity. Pixel rates are often in the range of 10s to 500 points/s [19][20][21]24], and thus imaging of several vibration modes is usually an hour-long process. Methods based on direct recording of the vertical displacement with fast demodulators and subsequent Fourier transform (FT) enable simultaneous vibration detection in a given frequency band and hence much improved imaging times [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient vibration imaging with time-resolved synthetic holographic confocal microscopy

2018

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We introduce a new modality for dynamic phase imaging in confocal microscopy based on synthetic optical holography. By temporal demultiplexing of the detector signal into a series of holograms, we record time-resolved phase images directly in the time domain at a bandwidth as determined by the photo detector and digitizer. We demonstrate our method by optical imaging of transient vibrations in an atomic force microscope cantilever with 100 ns time resolution, and observe the dynamic deformation of the cantilever surface after excitation with broadband mechanical pulses. Temporal Fourier transform of a single data set acquired in 4.2 minutes yields frequency and mode profile of all excited out-of-plane vibration modes with sub-picometer vertical sensitivity and sub-micrometer lateral resolution. Our method has the potential for transient and spectroscopic vibration imaging of micromechanical systems at nanoand picosecond scale time resolution.

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Heterodyne interferometer for absolute amplitude vibration measurements with femtometer sensitivity

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Contributed Review: A review of compact interferometers

Measurement of evanescent wave properties of a bulk acoustic wave resonator [Letters]

Transient vibration imaging with time-resolved synthetic holographic confocal microscopy

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