HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 1: Carbon fluxes and tree dimensional growth

Jonard, Mathieu; André, Frédéric; Coligny, François de; Wergifosse, Louis de; Beudez, Nicolas; Davi, Hendrik; Ligot, Gauthier; Ponette, Quentin; Vincke, Caroline

doi:10.5194/gmd-13-905-2020

Cited by 22 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…The option phenology at tree level was used to test if the agreement between predicted and observed basal area increment could be improved. With the default phenology option, HETEROFOR tended to overestimate the growth of dominant trees and underestimate that of suppressed trees (Jonard et al, 2020a). With the option phenology at tree level, this bias was partially resorbed.…”

Section: Phenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with T surf (in degrees Celsius), the temperature at the soil surface, considered as equal to air temperature (T ), T int (in degrees Celsius), the temperature at the interface between the organic layers and the mineral soil (see Jonard et al, 2020a, for more information on the way T int is obtained), and th org (in metres), the thickness of the organic layer. For ground vegetation transpiration and soil evaporation, the aerodynamic resistance is computed by applying Eqs.…”

Section: Ground Vegetation Transpiration and Soil Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The processes regulating the carbon fluxes and the dimensional growth constitute the core of the HETEROFOR model and are described in Jonard et al (2020a). Here, we focus on the description of two modules essential for predicting the impact of climate change on tree growth: phenology and water balance (Park et al, 2016;Choat et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The initialization phase of the model consists in loading different files (tree species parameters, tree and stand characteristics, chemical and physical soil properties, meteorological data, and fruit production data) in order to create trees and soil horizons. Then, tree growth is calculated yearly according to the HETEROFOR methods presented in Jonard et al (2020a). So far, HETEROFOR is adapted and calibrated only for deciduous species, but the adaptation to evergreen species is under progress.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After carbon allocation to leaves, fine roots and fruits, the residual npp is distributed to structural tree parts (stem, branches and coarse roots) based on biomass allometry relationships. All of these processes involving carbon fluxes are described in detail in Jonard et al (2020a). The HETEROFOR model also contains a tree nutrition and nutrient cycling module that will be described later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 2: Phenology and water cycle

Wergifosse

André²,

Beudez³

et al. 2020

Geosci. Model Dev.

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Abstract. Climate change affects forest growth in numerous and sometimes opposite ways, and the resulting trend is often difficult to predict for a given site. Integrating and structuring the knowledge gained from the monitoring and experimental studies into process-based models is an interesting approach to predict the response of forest ecosystems to climate change. While the first generation of models operates at stand level, one now needs spatially explicit individual-based approaches in order to account for individual variability, local environment modification and tree adaptive behaviour in mixed and uneven-aged forests that are supposed to be more resilient under stressful conditions. The local environment of a tree is strongly influenced by the neighbouring trees, which modify the resource level through positive and negative interactions with the target tree. Among other things, drought stress and vegetation period length vary with tree size and crown position within the canopy. In this paper, we describe the phenology and water balance modules integrated in the tree growth model HETEROFOR (HETEROgenous FORest) and evaluate them on six heterogeneous sessile oak and European beech stands with different levels of mixing and development stages and installed on various soil types. More precisely, we assess the ability of the model to reproduce key phenological processes (budburst, leaf development, yellowing and fall) as well as water fluxes. Two two-phase models differing regarding their response function to temperature during the chilling period (optimum and sigmoid functions) and a simplified one-phase model are used to predict budburst date. The two-phase model with the optimum function is the least biased (overestimation of 2.46 d), while the one-phase model best accounts for the interannual variability (Pearson's r=0.68). For the leaf development, yellowing and fall, predictions and observations are in accordance. Regarding the water balance module, the predicted throughfall is also in close agreement with the measurements (Pearson's r=0.856; bias =-1.3 %), and the soil water dynamics across the year are well reproduced for all the study sites (Pearson's r was between 0.893 and 0.950, and bias was between −1.81 and −9.33 %). The model also reproduced well the individual transpiration for sessile oak and European beech, with similar performances at the tree and stand scale (Pearson's r of 0.84–0.85 for sessile oak and 0.88–0.89 for European beech). The good results of the model assessment will allow us to use it reliably in projection studies to evaluate the impact of climate change on tree growth in structurally complex stands and test various management strategies to improve forest resilience.

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Section: Phenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ground Vegetation Transpiration and Soil Evaporationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 2: Phenology and water cycle

Wergifosse

André²,

Beudez³

et al. 2020

Geosci. Model Dev.

Self Cite

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Tree Mortality: Revisited Under Changed Climatic and Silvicultural Conditions

Pretzsch

Grote

2023

Progress in Botany

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Tree growth as affected by stem and crown structure

Pretzsch

2021

Trees

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Key message Prediction of tree growth based on size or mass as proposed by the Metabolic Scaling Theory is an over-simplification and can be significantly improved by consideration of stem and crown morphology. Tree growth and metabolic scaling theory, as well as corresponding growth equations, use tree volume or mass as predictors for growth. However, this may be an over-simplification, as the future growth of a tree may, in addition to volume or mass, also depend on its past development and aspects of the current inner structure and outer morphology. The objective of this evaluation was to analyse the effect of selected structural and morphological tree characteristics on the growth of common tree species in Europe. Here, we used eight long-term experiments with a total of 24 plots and extensive individual measurements of 1596 trees in monospecific stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.). Some of the experiments have been systematically surveyed since 1870. The selected plots represent a broad range of stand density, from fully to thinly stocked stands. We applied linear mixed models with random effects for analysing and modelling how tree growth and productivity are affected by stem and crown structure. We used the species-overarching relationship $$\mathrm{iv}={{a}_{0}\times v}$$ iv = a 0 × v between stem volume growth, $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv and stem volume, $$v,$$ v , as the baseline model. In this model $${a}_{0}$$ a 0 represents the allometric factor and α the allometric exponent. Then we included tree age, mean stem volume of the stand and structural and morphological tree variables in the model. This significantly reduced the AIC; RMSE was reduced by up to 43%. Interestingly, the full model estimating $$\mathrm{iv}$$ iv as a function of $$v$$ v and mean tree volume, crown projection area, crown ratio and mean tree ring width, revealed a $$\alpha \cong 3/4$$ α ≅ 3 / 4 scaling for the relationship between $$\mathrm{iv}\propto {v}^{\alpha }$$ iv ∝ v α . This scaling corresponded with Kleiber’s rule and the West-Brown-Enquist model of the metabolic scaling theory. Simplified approaches based on stem diameter or tree mass as predictors may be useful for a rough estimation of stem growth in uniform stands and in cases where more detailed predictors are not available. However, they neglect other stem and crown characteristics that can have a strong additional effect on the growth behaviour. This becomes of considerable importance in the heterogeneous mixed-species stands that in many countries of the world are designed for forest restoration. Heterogeneous stand structures increase the structural variability of the individual trees and thereby cause a stronger variation of growth compared with monocultures. Stem and crown characteristics, which may improve the analysis and projection of tree and stand dynamics in the future forest, are becoming more easily accessible by Terrestrial laser scanning.

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HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 1: Carbon fluxes and tree dimensional growth

Cited by 22 publications

References 80 publications

HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 2: Phenology and water cycle

HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 2: Phenology and water cycle

Tree Mortality: Revisited Under Changed Climatic and Silvicultural Conditions

Tree growth as affected by stem and crown structure

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