Heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 Positivity by Ethnicity in Los Angeles

Allan‐Blitz, Lao‐Tzu; Hertlein, Fred; Klausner, Jeffrey D.

doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01062-z

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These results are similar to a spatial study across the US which observed a greater proportion of Black individuals associated with COVID-19 and occupation was a strong predictor of cases [ 33 ]. Higher prevalence of COVID-19 were reported among Hispanic residents in Los Angeles and Orange County, potentially due to overrepresentation in industries that were considered essential during the pandemic [ 5 , 12 , 34 ]. This area of high risk observed in our study consists of minority communities who may also reside in crowded neighborhoods, may not be able to physically distance, and have other comorbidities that may worsen their COVID-19 prognosis [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of socioeconomic factors during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial analysis

2022

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Background Spatial variability of COVID-19 cases may suggest geographic disparities of social determinants of health. Spatial analyses of population-level data may provide insight on factors that may contribute to COVID-19 transmission, hospitalization, and death. Methods Generalized additive models were used to map COVID-19 risk from March 2020 to February 2021 in Orange County (OC), California. We geocoded and analyzed 221,843 cases to OC census tracts within a Poisson framework while smoothing over census tract centroids. Location was randomly permuted 1000 times to test for randomness. We also separated the analyses temporally to observe if risk changed over time. COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths were mapped across OC while adjusting for population-level demographic data in crude and adjusted models. Results Risk for COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths were statistically significant in northern OC. Adjustment for demographic data substantially decreased spatial risk, but areas remained statistically significant. Inclusion of location within our models considerably decreased the magnitude of risk compared to univariate models. However, percent minority (adjusted RR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.07), average household size (aRR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.07), and percent service industry (aRR: 1.05, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.06) remained significantly associated with COVID-19 risk in adjusted spatial models. In addition, areas of risk did not change between surges and risk ratios were similar for hospitalizations and deaths. Conclusion Significant risk factors and areas of increased risk were identified in OC in our adjusted models and suggests that social and environmental factors contribute to the spread of COVID-19 within communities. Areas in north OC remained significant despite adjustment, but risk substantially decreased. Additional investigation of risk factors may provide insight on how to protect vulnerable populations in future infectious disease outbreaks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of socioeconomic factors during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial analysis

2022

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“…Each art piece that was put out for participants to view all centered upon common health promotion and disease preventing practices such as masking and distancing and are available through the Stay Connected L.A. website. 1…”

Section: Campaign Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was one such crisis that made health inequities markedly apparent. During the height of the pandemic, a study in Los Angeles of over 500,000 COVID-19 test results determined that people identifying as Hispanic tested positive for COVID-19 at rates over three times higher than people who did not identify as Hispanic (1). Further, Hispanics in Los Angeles had a COVID-19 mortality rate of 192 per 100,000 persons, compared to 119 for non-Hispanic Black individuals and 69 for non-Hispanic White individuals, respectively (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From art to health action: lessons from a community-based, culturally tailored arts-meets-health educational campaign in Hispanic communities

Urich,

Lee,

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionRobust digital and community-led approaches are needed to combat health misinformation, as highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Such gaps in public health outreach, compounded by systemic health barriers, contributed to higher rates of COVID-19 infection, mortality, and mental health effects among Hispanics during the peak of the pandemic. Thus, we conducted a community-based art-meets-health intervention [Stay Connected Los Angeles (SCLA)] to address the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hispanic communities.MethodsLed by local artists in collaboration with public health specialists and community members, SCLA used multimedia to promote infection mitigation behaviors and psychological well-being among the 120,000 residents of Eastern Los Angeles. Campaign materials were designed with input from community representatives and included digital media, large-scale murals, and comic-book style pieces. Two semi-structured focus groups (one in English and another in Spanish) were conducted to solicit participants’ views on attributes of the campaign. Independent coders analyzed transcripts and applied thematic analysis to summarize key learnings regarding central health and mitigation messages, media modalities, how health information would be communicated, and the ideal spokespersons for delivering health-related messages.ResultsFocus group participants emphasized the effectiveness of social media, GIFs, and references to popular media. Further, youth involvement in the creative process was deemed to be important. Participants highlighted the need for clarity in public health messaging and adaptation of visual campaigns to the preferences of diverse age groups through different art styles. Finally, community leaders were found to be critical health information sources.DiscussionAs a model of a culturally tailored arts-meets health public education campaign, SCLA yielded valuable information on how to structure future public health messaging and media to create a meaningful improvement in health knowledge, mental well-being, and compliance with mitigation behaviors in communities that are often overlooked. Contributions from local artists can heighten appeal and acceptability of messages.

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“…In addition, lack of paid sick leave and protections for missed work, as well as being required to work despite illness and living in crowded housing, have prevented some workers from quarantining when exposed or isolating when infected [ 4 , 6 - 8 ]. Because many essential jobs are held by racial and ethnic minority workers, mortality and morbidity both directly and indirectly related to COVID-19 have disproportionately affected these population segments [ 3 , 9 - 12 ] and are likely reflected in national statistics for COVID-19 by race and ethnicity. For example, Hispanic or Latino persons were 1.5 times as likely to be a COVID-19 case, 2.2 times as likely to be hospitalized, and 1.8 times as likely to die, compared to non-Hispanic whites [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change and Continuity in Preventive Practices across the COVID-19 Pandemic among Rural and Urban Latinx Immigrant Worker Families

Quandt

Smith

Talton

et al. 2022

Hygiene

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(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has put essential workers at high risk for contracting the disease. This study documents situational compliance with public health recommendations such as masking and social distancing among rural and urban Latinx families, with the goal of understanding change over time in COVID-19 risk reduction behaviors. (2) Methods: Respondents for 67 rural families and 44 urban families responded to repeated telephone surveys at three time points in the first year of the pandemic, providing data on use of masks and social distancing by themselves and family members while interacting with others at home, work, and in the community. Cumulative logistic regression models were employed to compare changes in risk behaviors between rural and urban groups over time. (3) Results: While group descriptive results indicated behaviors that posed low risk at each time point, regression models revealed greater change between time points for rural than urban residents. Rural residents also had gendered patterns. (4) Conclusions: Patterns of change appear to reflect structural issues such as seasonal labor demand and gender roles more than pandemic fatigue or changing public health recommendations. The findings suggest that structural factors play a role in individuals complying with public health prevention measures for COVID-19.

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Heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 Positivity by Ethnicity in Los Angeles

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of socioeconomic factors during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial analysis

Effect of socioeconomic factors during the early COVID-19 pandemic: a spatial analysis

From art to health action: lessons from a community-based, culturally tailored arts-meets-health educational campaign in Hispanic communities

Change and Continuity in Preventive Practices across the COVID-19 Pandemic among Rural and Urban Latinx Immigrant Worker Families

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