Heterogeneity of Blood Vessels and Assessment of Microvessel Density-MVD in Gingivitis

Abstract

Gingivitis is a very common oral disease highly prevalent in adults that, if left untreated, can progress to periodontitis. It involves a complex and slow interaction between the host response and the oral microbiome represented by the dental plaque. The inflammation of the gingiva is associated with the activation of pathological angiogenesis and the existence of a high number of newly formed blood vessels quantified as microvessel density (MVD). The present study includes a number of 51 gingival biopsies from patients with different gingival indexes (GI): GI = 0, n = 12; GI = 1, n = 15; GI = 2, n = 16; and GI = 3, n = 8, processed and stained with the routine hematoxylin–eosin method. The inflammatory infiltrate was scored, the blood vessels were detected with anti-CD34 antibody, and MVD was determined. Inflammatory changes were observed in 39 of the 51 cases included in our study. CD34 + vessels with normal morphological appearance were observed in all 12 cases of health gingiva. In cases of inflammatory lesions, the morphology of the blood vessels showed changes with the evolution of gingival lesions. In severe inflammation, a particular aspect was observed in the vessels, such as the presence of the phenomenon of intussusception. MVD increases with the severity of gingival lesions, with the highest density being observed in severe inflammation.

Human Periapical Odontogenic Granulomas: Aspects of Microvessel Density (MVD), Heterogeneity of Blood Vessels and Mast Cells Density (MCD)

“…The aim is to assess the angiogenesis process and various neo-angiogenesis levels [13,14]. Other studies assess the MVD in inflammatory diseases such as gingivitis, inflammatory periapical granulomas or cysts [2,6,[15][16][17]. Our study confirms the variability of the microvessels and the fact that the connective tissue had the highest average numbers of vessels.…”

“…It is a complex process that implies the migration and proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation and subsequent organization of tube-like structures that will eventually unify, resulting in a final network of stable blood vessels. Through this process, the inflamed and affected tissues are infused with pro-inflammatory cells and mediators, but also oxygen and nutrients brought by the neoformation vessels [3,5,6].…”

Evaluation of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers in Diabetic Wistar Rats with Periodontal Disease

“…Numerous investigations have unveiled diabetes' contribution to periodontal disease and its severity, affecting both the inflammatory and immune responses as well as the vascular system [1]. Microvascular alterations represent one of the initial factors in the development of gingivitis and its progression to periodontal disease, potentially due to the transportation of pro-inflammatory cells and the increase in endothelial surface area, leading to the production of cytokines and other factors that drive inflammation forward [57]. In our study, the local levels of total vascular structures expressing CD34, mature blood vessels CD34+, and immature blood vessels CD34+ were not significantly altered in the DP group compared to the control group, possibly because the periodontal changes were not highly advanced.…”

Brazilin cream from Caesalpinia sappan inhibit periodontal disease: in vivo study

“…Gingivitis regulates VEGF, one of the numerous growth factors that mediate the whole angiogenesis process. Research has proven that concentrated growth factors and human gingival fibroblasts enhance gingival regeneration through angiogenesis ( Roi et al, 2022 ; Wang & Yang, 2022 ). This fits with what Ghosh & Gaba (2013) wrote about how the main effects of active compounds in plant extracts can help with healing and reducing inflammation because they kill germs, are antioxidants, and have active parts that can boost cell growth, blood vessel formation, and collagen production.…”