Abstract:-Different molecular forms of circulating prolactin (PRL) are known to occur in several species. As no such information was available in dogs, we assessed the molecular profile of circulating PRL in bitches. Pooled sera from covertly (CTRL) and overtly pseudopregnant (PSPT) diestrous bitches with high or low (> 10 or < 10 ng . mL -1 , respectively) serum PRL (measured by ELISA) were analyzed by Sephadex G-100 and Concanavalin A-Sepharose column chromatography. Four serum PRL fractions were identified and terme… Show more
“…Serum PRL concentrations in these PSPT animals were within the previously reported range for overtly PSPT bitches (Okkens et al. 1997; Gobello et al. 2001d; Tsutsui et al.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 84%
“…decreased mammary size and serum secretion) was considered as grade I. Behavioural changes were not included in the scoring of this non‐blind trial as this information might have been biased by owners. Similar grading scales, mainly based on the objective sign mammary secretion, were used for PSP previously (Gobello et al. 2001a,c,d).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For this kit, the sensitivity at 95% binding was 0.1 ng/ml and intra‐assay and inter‐assay CV of the low pool were 4 and 5.7% respectively. For each animal, hormone levels were determined in the same run to avoid inter‐assay variations (Gobello et al. 2001d).…”
A non-pharmaceutical, dietary option may be useful to manage clinical pseudopregnancy (PSP). To describe the effect of short-term food restriction on canine PSP, 16 privately owned, overtly pseudopregnant bitches were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Limit-fed (increasing amounts of a restricted maintenance: 50%, 40%, 30% restriction for 2, 3 and 2 days respectively) during 7 days (n = 8) or Maintenance-fed of the same food and period (n = 8). The bitches were physically examined and blood samples were taken for prolactin and progesterone determinations on days 2, 5 and 8. By day 8, none of the bitches had completely regressed the condition although all (8/8) the animals of the Limit-fed and two (25%) of the Maintenance-fed group improved in condition decreasing mammary size and secretion (p < 0.05). No day or group effects were observed for serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations (>0.05). It is concluded that although an 8-day food restriction did not cure PSP, it seemed to hasten PSP signs involution in these bitches. No endocrine change was related to these clinical findings.
“…Serum PRL concentrations in these PSPT animals were within the previously reported range for overtly PSPT bitches (Okkens et al. 1997; Gobello et al. 2001d; Tsutsui et al.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 84%
“…decreased mammary size and serum secretion) was considered as grade I. Behavioural changes were not included in the scoring of this non‐blind trial as this information might have been biased by owners. Similar grading scales, mainly based on the objective sign mammary secretion, were used for PSP previously (Gobello et al. 2001a,c,d).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For this kit, the sensitivity at 95% binding was 0.1 ng/ml and intra‐assay and inter‐assay CV of the low pool were 4 and 5.7% respectively. For each animal, hormone levels were determined in the same run to avoid inter‐assay variations (Gobello et al. 2001d).…”
A non-pharmaceutical, dietary option may be useful to manage clinical pseudopregnancy (PSP). To describe the effect of short-term food restriction on canine PSP, 16 privately owned, overtly pseudopregnant bitches were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: Limit-fed (increasing amounts of a restricted maintenance: 50%, 40%, 30% restriction for 2, 3 and 2 days respectively) during 7 days (n = 8) or Maintenance-fed of the same food and period (n = 8). The bitches were physically examined and blood samples were taken for prolactin and progesterone determinations on days 2, 5 and 8. By day 8, none of the bitches had completely regressed the condition although all (8/8) the animals of the Limit-fed and two (25%) of the Maintenance-fed group improved in condition decreasing mammary size and secretion (p < 0.05). No day or group effects were observed for serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations (>0.05). It is concluded that although an 8-day food restriction did not cure PSP, it seemed to hasten PSP signs involution in these bitches. No endocrine change was related to these clinical findings.
“…The prolactin found in the cell lysates ran at a slightly higher molecular weight than the prolactin peptide used as a positive control. This could be due to prolactin post-translational modifications such as glycosylation or phosphorylation (Sinha, 1995; Bollengier et al , 2001; Gobello et al , 2001). The prolactin levels varied accordingly: highest in T47-D> MDA-MB-231> MCF-7>> lowest in Hs578T (Figure 2AFigure 2Endogenous prolactin production correlates to sensitivity of breast cancer cells to apoptosis.…”
Human breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women from Western societies, and a large study of the epidemiology demonstrated strong associations between human prolactin and risk of breast cancer. Using established models of apoptosis of human breast cancer cell lines, we assessed the role of prolactin in breast cancer cell growth and survival. We showed that prolactin had no effect on the metabolic activity or total cell number of any cell lines. We confirmed endogenous prolactin production by these cells and that the levels varied. In the presence of a prolactin-neutralising antibody, each of the cell lines responded with the induction of apoptosis as opposed to growth inhibition. The sensitivity of the cell lines to the physiological inducer of apoptosis, C2-ceramide, appeared relative to the levels of endogenous prolactin that they contained. We then showed that exogenously added prolactin acted as a potent survival factor against apoptosis in all the cell lines examined. In addition, we demonstrated that a prolactin-neutralising antibody in combination with C2-ceramide caused an anticipated, additive increase in cell death. This study demonstrated that prolactin protects human breast cancer cell lines against apoptosis and this may have important implications for cancer treatment.
“…Η συγκέντρωση της στον ορό του αίματος του θηλυκού σκύλου αυξάνεται απότομα κατά τη διάρκεια του τοκετού από 41 ng/mL σε 117 ng/mL και παραμένει αυξημένη σε όλη τη διάρκεια της λοχείας (Concannon et al 1978). Η πα ραγωγή προλακτινης δεν παρουσιάζει κιρκάδιο ρυθ μό (Gobello et al 2001), η δε προοδευτική μείωση της συσχετίζεται με τη μείωση της γαλακτοπαραγωγής και τελικά, με τον απογαλακτισμό των κουταβιών (Jochle 1997). Έτσι, 5 εβδομάδες μετά τον τοκετό η συγκέντρωση της βρέθηκε ότι ήταν <20 ng/mL και 2 εβδομάδες αργότερα < 10 ng/mL (Graf 1978).…”
Various disorders, some of which are life-threatening, can occur in bitches during the Puerperium. In this series of two articles, a detailed review of the literature on puerperal pathological conditions, along with excerpts from the authors' clinicalexperience and photographs, is presented. Initially, a brief account of the physiological processes during the Puerperium is presented. The hormonal changes, the changes in the genital system and the behavioural changes taking place as the genital system progressively returns to the non-pregnant state, are described. Subsequently, the various disorders, which are distinguished into systemic diseases, diseases of the mammary glands and diseases of the uterus, are reviewed. Systemic disorders that are manifested during the Puerperium are the puerperal hypocalcaemia and the abnormal maternal behaviour. Hypocalcaemia occurs usually after whelping, as calcium requirements of the bitch are increased due to milk production. The disease is due to the increased calcium requirements coupled with either a decreased intake of calcium (primary) or an inability to absorb it from the intestine or mobilise it from the bones (secondary). Abnormal maternal behaviour can be the consequence of factors causing nervousness, pain or disturbance of the bitch. Factors, such as genetic predisposition, caesarian section, young age or even the puppies themselves, may also trigger this condition. The puerperal mammary diseases are mastitis, agalactia and galactostasis. Mastitis is a disease of bacterial aetiology {Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. ήStreptococcus spp.) occurring with acute or sub acute-chronic form. Agalactia is the inability for milk production and can be either primary or secondary; it is defined as full agalactia or hypogalactia. Galactostasis refers to the abnormal passage and expression of milk from the teats, resulting in increased accumulation into the mammary glands. The pathological conditions of the uterus include post-partum metritis, uterine prolapse, retention of foetal membranes, foetal retention, subinvolution of the placental sites and uterine haemorrhage. Post-partum metritis is caused by bacteria (mainly E. coli) invading the uterus during or immediately after whelping and occurs with systemic and genital signs. Uterine prolapse (full or partial) is usually the consequence of vigorous embryo manipulations or intense tenesmus of the bitch. Foetal retention is the consequence of dystocia or of misuse of long-acting progestagens. Subinvolution of the placental sites is the consequence of the erosion of the uterine wall by trophoblast-like cells; often, this erosion extends down to involve the entire mucosa and may even invade the myometrium. Puerperal haemorrhage occurs more frequently in bitches with pre-existing disorders of blood coagulation factors. All the above pathological conditions may cause serious problems to the affected bitches. For a successful treatment, early and correct diagnosis is important. For each condition, the clinical signs and the paraclinical findings are described and the procedure for accurate diagnosis is described. Finally, the recommended conservative or surgical treatment for each condition is presented. It should be noted that in every case, appropriate measures for the welfare of puppies need also to be taken. Measures for a frequent and efficient post-partum monitoring of bitches and puppies are proposed, in order to prevent the development of the various pathological situations.
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