Heterogeneity of the Tumor Microenvironment Across Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease at the molecular level thus, it can be hypothesized that different molecular subtypes differ in their tumor microenvironment (TME) also. Understanding the TME heterogeneity may provide new prognostic biomarkers and new targets for cancer therapy. For deciphering heterogeneity in the TME, immunohistochemistry for immune markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD163, and programmed death-ligand 1), Cancer-associated fibroblast markers [anti-fibroblast activating protein α (FAP-α), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR-α), S100A4, Neuron-glial antigen 2, and Caveolin-1], and angiogenesis (CD31) was performed on tissue microarrays of different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. High CD3 + T cells were noted in the Luminal B subtype (P = 0.002) of which the majority were CD8 + cytotoxic T cells. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression in immune cells was highest in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2)-positive and Luminal B subtypes compared with the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype (P = 0.003). Her-2 subtype is rich in M2 tumor-associated macrophages (P = 0.000) compared with TNBC and Luminal B subtypes. M2 immune microenvironment correlated with high tumor grade and high Ki-67. Her-2 and TNBC subtypes are rich in extracellular matrix remodeling (FAP-α, P = 0.003), angiogenesis-promoting (PDGFR-α; P = 0.000) and invasion markers (Neuron-glial antigen 2, P = 0.000; S100A4, P = 0.07) compared with Luminal subtypes. Mean Microvessel density showed an increasing trend: Luminal A > Luminal B > Her-2 positive > TNBC; however, this difference was not statistically significant. The cancer-associated fibroblasts (FAP-α, PDGFR-α, and Neuron-glial antigen 2) showed a positive correlation with lymph node metastasis in specific subtypes. Immune cells, tumor-associated macrophage, and cancer-associated fibroblast-related stromal markers showed higher expression in Luminal B, Her-2 positive, and TNBC respectively. This differential expression of different components of TME indicates heterogeneity of the TME across molecular subtypes of breast cancer.

Small Molecule Therapeutics in the Pipeline Targeting for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Origin, Challenges, Opportunities, and Mechanisms of Action

“…Due to molecular heterogenicity [ 32 ], TNBC was classified based on gene expression analysis in the spectrum of different groups of TNBCs ( Figure 1 ). The classification and molecular characterization of TNBCs would help to proffer therapeutic strategies centered on personalized treatment [ 33 ].…”