Heterogeneous basic catalysts for biodiesel production

Lima, Ana Lúcia de; Ronconi, Célia M.; Mota, Cláudio J. A.

doi:10.1039/c5cy01989c

Cited by 152 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel that can be produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. The production of biodiesel has increased significantly in the EU, China, Brazil, US and other countries over the past decades, and the global production reached 37 billion gallons in 2016 . Thus, glycerol as a byproduct that represents 10 wt % of biodiesel production as well as other traditional glycerol production from the hydrolysis of C 6 or even C 5 sugars and classic soap manufacturing by saponification has saturated the commercial market.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The production of biodiesel has increased significantly in the EU, [1] China, Brazil, US [2] and other countries over the past decades, and the globalp roduction reached 37 billion gallons in 2016. [3] Thus, glycerola sabyproduct that represents 10 wt %o fb iodiesel production as wella so ther traditional glycerolp roductionf rom the hydrolysis of C 6 or even C 5 sugars and classic soap manufacturing by saponification [4] has saturated the commercial market. High-value bio-based chemical products derived from over-produced glycerolh ave attracted much attention in recenty ears.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Efficient Glycerol Acetalization over Supported Heteropoly Acid Catalysts

et al. 2018

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The acetalization of glycerol with acetone to yield solketal was catalyzed by Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 (Cs2.5) supported on mesoporous silica under mild conditions. It gave a high glycerol conversion and selectivity to the targeted product even at room temperature (23 °C). We studied the use of both bulk and supported Cs2.5 as catalysts in another highly efficient glycerol acetalization reaction with paraformaldehyde, which gave much higher activity than with formaldehyde solution. For the reaction with acetone, the supported Cs2.5 showed a higher activity than the bulk material because of the high surface area of the mesoporous support. Interestingly, the supported Cs2.5 gave a lower conversion than the bulk for the reaction with paraformaldehyde. This is probably because of the high viscosity of the reaction system with the solid reagent paraformaldehyde. Overall, there is a complex relationship between catalyst, reaction conditions, which include the molar ratio of reactants and temperature, reaction mechanism and thermodynamics that affects the achieved activity and byproduct formation. A discussion about these interactions is included for each reaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Glycerol Acetalization over Supported Heteropoly Acid Catalysts

et al. 2018

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“…Ele é produzido, principalmente, através da transesterificação de óleos e gorduras, os triglicerídeos. 2 Neste processo, o metanol reage com o triglicerídeo na presença de um catalisador básico ou ácido para formar ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos. As reações de transesterificação dos óleos vegetais, além de produzir o biodiesel (Figura 1), geram em torno de 10% de glicerol, que vem se destacando como um atraente insumo químico oriundo de biomassa e, portanto, renovável.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Catalytic Transformations of Glycerol for Innovation in the Chemical industry

Pinto

Mota

2017

Rev. Virtual Quim.

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Abstract:Glycerol or glycerin is a co-product of biodiesel production and can be used as a raw material for the chemical industry. The availability of large amounts of glycerol is the driving force for the development of new processes and products based on renewable sources of raw material. This article discusses the chemical transformation of glycerol into glycerol acetals, ethers and esters, with great technological applications, especially as additives for fuels. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propene and dehydration to acrolein and acrylic acid are also discussed. Finally, the production of glycerine carbonate is evidenced as a way to aggregate the use of CO2 and renewable biomass.Keywords: Biodiesel; Glycerol; Catalysis. ResumoGlicerol ou glicerina é um coproduto da produção do biodiesel e pode ser usado como matéria-prima para a indústria química. A disponibilidade de grandes quantidades de glicerol é a força motriz para o desenvolvimento de novos processos e produtos baseados em fontes renováveis de matéria-prima. Este artigo discute a transformação química do glicerol em acetais, éteres e ésteres do glicerol, com grandes aplicações tecnológicas, especialmente como aditivos para combustíveis. A hidrogenólise do glicerol a propeno e desidratação à acroleína e ácido acrílico são, também, discutidas. Por fim, a produção de carbonato de glicerina é evidenciada como forma de agregar a utilização de CO 2 e biomassa renovável.

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“…To economically produce biodiesel, low cost oils such as waste cooking oil, and inedible oils must be utilized to reduce the biodiesel production cost [1,2]. However, these oils contain a high amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) which react with homogeneous catalysts such as NaOH and KOH to form soap, which can reduce yield, increase the purification and neutralization steps and produce large amounts of waste water [3,4]. Therefore, FFAs must be eliminated or converted before transesterification where the homogeneous acid catalysts such as H 2 SO 4 are utilized for conversion of these materials to biodiesel (ester).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of calcination temperature on the activity of mesoporous CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst in the esterification reaction

2018

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In the present study, the effect of calcination temperature on the structure and performance of mesoporous CaO/TiO 2 -ZrO 2 catalyst fabricated by sol-gel method used in the esterification reaction was assessed. Then, CaO/TiO 2 catalyst was also synthesized via the same method to evaluate the effect of zirconia cations on its properties and activity. The samples were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmittance infra-red (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-BarrettJoyner-Halenda (BJH), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. Moreover, Hammett indicator method was utilized to assess the acidity and basicity of the samples. It was found that zirconium was clearly incorporated in CaO/TiO 2 lattice and transformed that from amorphous phase to crystalline structure. In addition, the basicity and acidity of CaO/TiO 2 was clearly increased by zirconia loading. Evaluation of the samples' activity presented that CaO/TiO 2 catalyst exhibit no activity in the esterification reaction, while all CaO/TiO 2 -ZrO 2 catalysts showed high ability to convert oleic acid to its ester. Moreover, the catalyst calcined at 400 °C showed the highest activity in the esterification reaction with desirable properties such as high crystallinity, acidity, basicity and surface area along with well-distribution of particle size and pore size. The best catalyst converted around 90% of oleic acid to ester at optimized conditions of 150 °C, 12:1 molar ratio of methanol/oleic acid, 3 wt% of catalyst for 4 h of reaction time. Moreover, the sample was successfully used for five runs without significant reduction in activity that makes it a suitable choice as a catalyst for industrial applications.

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Heterogeneous basic catalysts for biodiesel production

Abstract: We review the recent advances in the synthesis and utilization of heterogeneous basic catalysts for biodiesel production.

Cited by 152 publications

References 94 publications

Highly Efficient Glycerol Acetalization over Supported Heteropoly Acid Catalysts

Highly Efficient Glycerol Acetalization over Supported Heteropoly Acid Catalysts

Catalytic Transformations of Glycerol for Innovation in the Chemical industry

Influence of calcination temperature on the activity of mesoporous CaO/TiO2–ZrO2 catalyst in the esterification reaction

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