Heterogeneous Catalysis and Solid Catalysts, 2. Development and Types of Solid Catalysts

Concepts, models, and methods in computational heterogeneous catalysis illustrated throughCO2conversion

“…Most of the current heterogeneous catalysts were found by trial‐and‐error approaches, which required time consuming experiments for the preparation and testing of potential candidates for a given reaction. With a few exceptions, as the case of pure metals or binary oxides, catalysts are generally obtained by mixing several different reagents, usually under harsh temperature and pressure conditions, resulting in very complex structures 2,3 . There are several different kinds of solid catalysts, 1,2 either based or supported on a given substrate, involving pure metals or metal alloys, binary or mixed oxides, multicomponent oxides as the broadly used zeolites, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, carbons, metal salts, hybrid materials such as metal organic frameworks, or periodic mesoporous organosilicas, and the recently discovered family of MXenes.…”

“…With a few exceptions, as the case of pure metals or binary oxides, catalysts are generally obtained by mixing several different reagents, usually under harsh temperature and pressure conditions, resulting in very complex structures. 2,3 There are several different kinds of solid catalysts, 1,2 either based or supported on a given substrate, involving pure metals or metal alloys, binary or mixed oxides, multicomponent oxides as the broadly used zeolites, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, carbons, metal salts, hybrid materials such as metal organic frameworks, or periodic mesoporous organosilicas, and the recently discovered family of MXenes. In most catalysts, the nature of the active sites is not well understood, specially under operando conditions, and unanimity is rare about reaction mechanisms and/or formed intermediate species.…”

Low temperature oxidation of CO using alkali- and alkaline-earth metal-modified ceria-supported metal catalysts: a review

“…Noble metals like Au, Pd, Pt and Rh show good activity for CO oxidation [7][8][9][10][11]. Inspite of having the good catalytic activity of noble metal catalysts, their practical and environmental applications are restricted due to limited sources, high price and poisoning [12]. However, various mixed oxide catalysts like hydrotalcites, spinel oxides, perovskites, transition metal oxides and supported NM catalysts, etc.…”

A model‐based precipitation study of copper‐based catalysts

“…According to Deutschmann et al “precipitation and coprecipitation are the most frequently applied methods for the preparation of unsupported catalysts.” The resulting mixed metal oxides are applied in broad range of industrial processes . Various mixed metal oxide catalysts contain copper as the basic active component and are produced by coprecipitation: Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 for the large‐scale synthesis of methanol and the hydrogenation of fatty acid esters, Cu/Mn 2 O 4 for the oxidation of CO 4 , Cu/Co/MoO x catalysts for the selective conversion of synthesis gas to ethanol and higher alcohols, Cu‐ and Ag‐modified cerium oxide catalysts for methane oxidation, and Cu‐ and Ni‐containing cerium oxide catalysts for the low temperature water‐gas shift reaction .…”

“…Various mixed metal oxide catalysts contain copper as the basic active component and are produced by coprecipitation: Cu/ZnO/Al 2 O 3 for the large‐scale synthesis of methanol and the hydrogenation of fatty acid esters, Cu/Mn 2 O 4 for the oxidation of CO 4 , Cu/Co/MoO x catalysts for the selective conversion of synthesis gas to ethanol and higher alcohols, Cu‐ and Ag‐modified cerium oxide catalysts for methane oxidation, and Cu‐ and Ni‐containing cerium oxide catalysts for the low temperature water‐gas shift reaction . The production of these catalysts follows the process chain: precipitation of metal salts, aging of the precipitate, washing and filtration, drying, shaping, and activation . This work focuses on the investigation of the first step, that is, the precipitation of the copper precursors.…”