Heterogeneous Cracking of an Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Reaction Intermediates on H<sup>+</sup>ZSM‐5 Catalyst

Benson, Tracy J.; Hernández, Rafael; White, Mark G.; French, W. Todd; Alley, Earl G.; Holmes, William E.; Thompson, Bethany

doi:10.1002/clen.200800050

Cited by 28 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Although the fatty acid composition of different algae species is distinct, once extracted, its chemical profile is not expected to be substantially different from the chemical mixes currently found in sweet light crude oil. The enzymes involved in oil production may be able to be manipulated, thus increasing the oil production of these species, and the resulting oil can be used after being transesterified as diesel or undergo carbon cracking to produce biogasoline or biojet fuels [161]. To maximize fuel production and minimize costs, knowing the exact lipid content in terms of carbon chain length is important, so that chemical modification can be optimized.…”

Section: Improving Fuel Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

et al. 2010

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Algae biofuels may provide a viable alternative to fossil fuels; however, this technology must overcome a number of hurdles before it can compete in the fuel market and be broadly deployed. These challenges include strain identification and improvement, both in terms of oil productivity and crop protection, nutrient and resource allocation and use, and the production of co-products to improve the economics of the entire system. Although there is much excitement about the potential of algae biofuels, much work is still required in the field. In this article, we attempt to elucidate the major challenges to economic algal biofuels at scale, and improve the focus of the scientific community to address these challenges and move algal biofuels from promise to reality.

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Section: Improving Fuel Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

et al. 2010

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“… 29 Reaction pathways involving deoxygenation (decarboxylation, decarbonylation, and dehydration), cracking, cyclization, aromatization, alkylation, and polymerization have been proposed to explain the observed product portfolio. 29 , 32 , 33 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Free Fatty Acids to Bio-Based Aromatics: A Model Investigation Using Oleic Acid and an H-ZSM-5/Al₂O₃ Catalyst

Klein

Kramer

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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The catalytic conversion of oleic acid to aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes, BTX) over a granular H-ZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst (ϕ 1.2–1.8 mm, 10 g loading) was investigated in a continuous bench-scale fixed-bed reactor (10 g oleic acid h–1). A peak carbon yield of aromatics of 27.4% was obtained at a catalyst bed temperature of 550 °C and atmospheric pressure. BTX was the major aromatics formed (peak carbon yield was 22.7%), and a total BTX production of 1000 mg g–1 catalyst was achieved within a catalyst lifetime of 6.5 h for the fresh catalyst. The catalyst was deactivated due to severe coke deposition (ca. 22.1 wt % on the catalyst). The used catalyst was reactivated by an ex situ oxidative regeneration at 680 °C in air for 12 h. The regenerated catalyst was subsequently recycled, and in total, 7 cycles of reaction-regeneration were performed. A gradual decrease in the peak carbon yield of BTX was observed with reaction-regeneration cycles (e.g., to 16.3% for the catalyst regenerated for 6 times). However, the catalyst lifetime was remarkably prolonged (e.g., >24 h), leading to a significantly enhanced total BTX production (e.g., 3000 mg g–1 catalyst in 24 h). The fresh, used, and regenerated catalysts were characterized by N2 and Ar physisorption, XRD, HR-TEM-EDX, 27Al, and 29Si MAS ssNMR, NH3-TPD, TGA, and CHN elemental analysis. Negligible changes in textural properties, crystalline structure, and framework occurred after one reaction-regeneration cycle, except for a slight decrease in acidity. However, dealumination of the H-ZSM-5 framework was observed after 7 cycles of reaction-regeneration, leading to a decrease in microporosity, crystallinity, and acidity. Apparently, these changes are not detrimental for catalyst activity, and actually, the lifetime of the catalyst increases, rationalized by considering that coke formation rates are retarded when the acidity is reduced.

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“…This may explain the shift of the aromatic homology profile from C 7 –C 8 for smaller‐size alkene feedstocks to C 8 –C 10 for 1‐tetradecene. Corroborating this hypothesis, C 9 –C 11 aromatics were found to be predominant when the carboxylic acids of triacylglycerols, which are also large molecules, were treated with zeolites under similar conditions (Benson et al, ; Fegade et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

An Initial Study of the Catalytic Reforming of Crop Oil‐Derived 1‐Alkenes with HZSM‐5 to Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Amsley‐Benzie

Fegade

Tande

et al. 2018

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

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This study explored the production of aromatic hydrocarbons from the longer-chain alkenes produced by the pyrolysis/cracking of crop oils. 1-Tetradecene, serving as a model compound for these alkenes, was reformed in a batch reactor with a HZSM-5 catalyst to produce a liquid hydrocarbon mixture with a high-aromatic content. These reactions resulted in a >99% conversion of the 1-tetradecene feedstock with a yield of up to 22 wt% of aromatic hydrocarbons. Surprisingly, isomers of C 3substituted benzenes along with xylenes and diaromatics (lower homologs of alkyl-substituted indanes and naphthalenes) were the main aromatic products rather than their lower-molecular-weight (MW) homologs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, which are commonly formed with high selectivity during zeolite-catalyzed reforming. The recovery of higher-MW aromatics, and particularly bicyclic naphthalenes and indanes, provides mechanistic insights for zeolite-catalyzed alkene reforming reactions suggesting that these higher-MW aromatics are likely formed near the catalyst surface at pore openings. Furthermore, the production of acyclic diene intermediates in the size range of C 7 -C 10 provides insight into the overall reaction pathway. The results suggest that this reaction pathway may be a commercially viable option for the production of renewable C 3 -substituted aromatic chemicals/ chemical intermediates as coproducts to complement the kerosene and diesel fuel blendstocks that are the primary products from crop oil cracking.

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Heterogeneous Cracking of an Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Reaction Intermediates on H⁺ZSM‐5 Catalyst

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

Catalytic Conversion of Free Fatty Acids to Bio-Based Aromatics: A Model Investigation Using Oleic Acid and an H-ZSM-5/Al₂O₃ Catalyst

An Initial Study of the Catalytic Reforming of Crop Oil‐Derived 1‐Alkenes with HZSM‐5 to Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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Heterogeneous Cracking of an Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Reaction Intermediates on H+ZSM‐5 Catalyst

Cited by 28 publications

References 21 publications

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

Biofuels from algae: challenges and potential

Catalytic Conversion of Free Fatty Acids to Bio-Based Aromatics: A Model Investigation Using Oleic Acid and an H-ZSM-5/Al2O3 Catalyst

An Initial Study of the Catalytic Reforming of Crop Oil‐Derived 1‐Alkenes with HZSM‐5 to Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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Product

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Heterogeneous Cracking of an Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Reaction Intermediates on H⁺ZSM‐5 Catalyst

Catalytic Conversion of Free Fatty Acids to Bio-Based Aromatics: A Model Investigation Using Oleic Acid and an H-ZSM-5/Al₂O₃ Catalyst