“…Anderson and Marcouiller (2002), Belloc (2006), Levchenko (2007), Aeberhardt et al (2014), Fernandes et al (2016), Söderlund and Tingvall (2014) Lower Northern entry barriers make it easier for firms to export, enter, diversify, survive, and grow. Linder (1967), Hallak (2006Hallak ( , 2010, World Bank (2006), UNCTAD (2011, p. 42), Bergstrand and Egger (2013), Regolo (2013), Amighini and Sanfilippo (2014), Cheong et al (2015), Bahar et al (2014), Cheong et al (2015), Fajgelbaum et al (2015), Demir and Duan (2017) Similarities in institutions, culture, endowments, production structures, preferences, incomes, and technological development increase bilateral trade and finance and boost facilitate economic convergence and spillovers. They also allow for easier technology adoption and enable Southern investors to address local consumer needs better.…”