Heterogeneous Kinetics of Thiourea Electro‐Catalytic Oxidation Reactions on Palladium Surface in Aqueous Medium

Abstract

The electrochemical behaviors of thiourea (TU) oxidation have been studied at Palladium (Pd) electrode in the acidic medium by recording cyclic voltammograms (CVs). The influence of pH was investigated in the pH range of 1.0 to 9.0. Facilitated adsorption of TU on electrode surface results in enhanced catalytic response in acidic medium and maximum electro‐catalytic response was found at pH∼3.0. Chronoamperometric (CA) experiment determined this oxidation as 1e‐ transfer process and the variation of TU concentration reveals a 1st order kinetics. In the CV responses, the large value of peak separation (▵Ep >380 mV) calculated by the variation of scan rate indicates that oxidation of TU is an irreversible process. With the aid of convolution potential sweep voltammetry (CPSV), the standard rate constant (k°) for the reaction was found to be 7.1×10−4cm/s and the formal potential constant (E°′ ) was evaluated to be ∼0.37 V vs Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl). The value of transfer coefficient (α) was found to vary from 0.74 to 0.40 with applied potential (E). From the potential dependent variation of transfer coefficient (α) and activation energy (▵G≠), it was concluded that the overall electrochemical oxidation of TU follows a stepwise mechanism at lower potential (<0.40) V and a concerted one at relatively higher potential (>0.40) V. The FTIR analysis of the product after oxidation of TU molecules confirmed the appearance of a new sharp band near 530 cm−1 due to the formation of S−S bonds suggesting formation of formamidine disulfide (FD) ions.

Sensitive Detection of Thiourea Hazardous Toxin with Sandwich-Type Nafion/CuO/ZnO Nanospikes/Glassy Carbon Composite Electrodes

“…To accomplish the evaluation of similar research works with this study, in Table 1 [10,[49][50][51], we illustrate the analytical parameters of TU sensors, such as LDR, LOD and sensitivity. Consequently, the sensor performances of this sensor probe, such as linear dynamic range (LDR), sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD), were found to be significant and excellent compared to published reports [52][53][54][55][56][57][58]. Moreover, other sensor analytical parameters, including sensor stability, reproducibility, response time and analysis of real biological samples, were good and reliable.…”

Lawesson’s Reagent: Providing a New Approach to the Forgotten 6-Thioverdazyl Radical

“…75 We suggest that the irreversibility of the verdazyl oxidation may be a result of the presence of this additional electroactive species. 75,76 ■ CONCLUSIONS Despite being known since the 1980s, 6-thioverdazyls have not attracted the same degree of interest as their 6-oxo counterparts. A major limitation in their use has been the sole avenue of preparation, involving an increasingly restricted precursor compound.…”

“…Consistent with other thiocarbonyl anions, the generation of reduction was not observed without prior oxidation . We suggest that the irreversibility of the verdazyl oxidation may be a result of the presence of this additional electroactive species. , …”