Heterogeneous photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl ether

Hua, Inez; Kang, Namgoo; Jafvert, Chad T.; Fábrega-Duque, José R.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620220418

Cited by 78 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Photolysis of higher brominated PBDEs by UV-light and sunlight have been observed in the past with formation of lower brominated congeners through sequential debromination (Hua et al, 2003; Söderström et al, 2004). Microbial debromination of deca- and octa-BDEs have also been observed under anaerobic conditions (He et al, 2006; Lee and He, 2010).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brominated flame retardants in U.S. biosolids from the EPA national sewage sludge survey and chemical persistence in outdoor soil mesocosms

Venkatesan

Halden

2014

Water Research

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We determined national baseline levels and release inventories of 77 traditional and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in biosolids composites (prepared from 110 samples) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2001 national sewage sludge survey (NSSS). Additionally, analyses were performed on archived samples from a 3-year outdoor mesocosm study to determine the environmental persistence of BFRs in biosolids-amended soil. The total polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentration detected in biosolids composites was 9,400±960 μg/kg dry weight, of which deca-BDE constituted 57% followed by nona- and penta-BDE at 18 and 13%, respectively. The annual mean loading rate estimated from the detected concentrations and approximate annual biosolids production and disposal numbers in the U.S., of the sum of PBDEs and non-BDE BFRs was calculated to be 47,900–60,100 and 12,900–16,200 kg/year, of which 24,000–36,000 and 6,400–9,700 kg/year are applied on land, respectively. Mean concentration of PBDEs were higher in the 2001 samples compared to levels reported in EPA’s 2006/7 Targeted NSSS, reflecting on-going efforts in phasing-out PBDEs in the U.S. In outdoor soil mesocosms, >99% of the initial BFRs mass in the biosolids/soil mixtures (1:2) persisted over the monitoring duration of three years. Estimates of environmental releases may be refined in the future by analyzing individual rather than composited samples, and by integrating currently unavailable data on disposal of biosolids on a plant-specific basis. This study informs the risk assessment of BFRs by furnishing national inventories of BFR occurrence and environmental release via biosolids application on land.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brominated flame retardants in U.S. biosolids from the EPA national sewage sludge survey and chemical persistence in outdoor soil mesocosms

Venkatesan

Halden

2014

Water Research

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“…Reductive debromination is probably the main mechanism of photodegradation of PBDEs (15–18, 43). It has been suggested that the homolytic dissociation of aryl-Br bonds leads to the debromination of PBDEs generating aryl and bromine radicals and subsequently lower brominated DEs, PBDFs and other degradation products (18, 43).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

UVA/B-Induced Formation of Free Radicals from Decabromodiphenyl Ether

Suh

Buettner

Venkataraman

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants are ubiquitous in the environment and in humans. A decabromodiphenyl ether mixture (deca-BDE) is the dominating commercial PBDE product today. Deca-BDE is degraded by UV to PBDEs with fewer bromines. We hypothesized that photodegradation of deca-BDE results in the formation of free radicals. We employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) with spin trap agents to examine the free radicals formed from UV irradiation of a deca-BDE mixture (DE-83R). The activating wavelength for deca-BDE photochemistry was in the UVA to UVB range. The yields of radicals from irradiated deca-BDE in tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), and toluene were about 9-, 4-, and 7-fold higher, respectively, than from irradiated solvent alone. Radical formation increased with deca-BDE concentration and irradiation time. The quantum yield of radical formation of the deca-BDE mixture was higher than with an octa-BDE mixture (DE-79; ~2-fold), decabromobiphenyl (PBB 209; ~2-fold), decachlorobiphenyl (PCB 209; ~3-fold), and diphenylether (DE; ~6-fold), indicating the positive effects of bromine and an ether bond on radical formation. Analysis of hyperfine splittings of the spin adducts suggests that radical formation is initiated or significantly enhanced by debromination paired with hydrogen abstraction from the solvents. To our knowledge this is the first report that uses EPR to demonstrate the formation of free radicals during the photolytic degradation of PBDEs. Our findings strongly suggest the potential of negative consequences due to radical formation during UV exposure of PBDEs in biological systems.

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“…Under certain conditions, antimony trioxide can act as a strong photosensitizer. Silica can also accelerate photodegradation of Deca 25…”

Section: Halogenated Flame Retardantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New developments in flame retardancy of styrene thermoplastics and foams

Levchik¹,

Weil²

2007

Polymer International

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This review provides an insight into new developments in flame retardancy of the broad class of styrenic polymers but mostly focuses on commercially important styrene thermoplastics, on some blends based on polystyrene as well as on polystyrene foams. Although halogen‐based systems continue to dominate in flame retardancy of styrenic polymers, various alternative systems are being developed. Especially, activity is observed with phosphorus‐based flame retardants, where some systems are already commercially available. There is also significant activity with nanocomposites, where good results in retarding flame spread have been achieved, but the problem of ignition resistance has not been solved yet. Critical discussion of various flame‐retardant systems developed for styrenics is given. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry

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Heterogeneous photochemical reactions of decabromodiphenyl ether

Cited by 78 publications

References 18 publications

Brominated flame retardants in U.S. biosolids from the EPA national sewage sludge survey and chemical persistence in outdoor soil mesocosms

Brominated flame retardants in U.S. biosolids from the EPA national sewage sludge survey and chemical persistence in outdoor soil mesocosms

UVA/B-Induced Formation of Free Radicals from Decabromodiphenyl Ether

New developments in flame retardancy of styrene thermoplastics and foams

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