Heterogeneous ZnO-containing catalysts for efficient biodiesel production

Wang, Anping; Quan, Wenxuan; Zhang, Heng; Li, Hu; Yang, Song

doi:10.1039/d1ra03158a

Cited by 53 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…7,8 To break the problem, the heterogeneous catalyst which is recoverable and recyclable has proved to catalyze the conversion of oil to biodiesel. 9,10 Moreover, some heterogeneous compounds showed high catalytic activity and their performance is comparable to homogeneous base catalysts. 11 For instance, the coconut husk-derived catalyst could produce 97% of biodiesel from jatropha oil at 45 °C in 30 min reaction time.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Another alternative solution is reducing consumables and energy requirement costs. Even though the catalyst particularly homogeneous base consumed only 1% of the total cost, the following procedure such as neutralization and purification of the biodiesel increases the production cost and requires a lot of water. , To break the problem, the heterogeneous catalyst which is recoverable and recyclable has proved to catalyze the conversion of oil to biodiesel. , Moreover, some heterogeneous compounds showed high catalytic activity and their performance is comparable to homogeneous base catalysts . For instance, the coconut husk-derived catalyst could produce 97% of biodiesel from jatropha oil at 45 °C in 30 min reaction time .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The transesterification of palm oil using WPFP as a heterogeneous catalyst was conducted using the reflux method. Different molar ratios of oil: methanol (1:6; 1:9; 1:12, and 1:15), catalyst weights (3, 5, 7, 9, and 12% based on oil weight), and reaction times (10,30,45,60, and 90 min) were explored to determine the maximum biodiesel conversion for the transesterification process of palm oil. Briefly, 10 g of palm oil was mixed with an investigated volume of methanol and mass of the catalyst in a 150 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser and magnetic heating stirrer.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste Passion Fruit Peel as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Room-Temperature Biodiesel Production

et al. 2022

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A low-cost, green, and highly active catalyst which could transesterify oil under ambient conditions is required to reduce the biodiesel production cost. A novel heterogeneous catalyst derived from the waste agroproduct has been developed from passion fruit peel. The catalytic activity of calcined waste passion fruit peel (WPFP) which mainly contains potassium in the form of chloride and carbonate has been evaluated using factorial design to determine the interaction of molar ratio of oil to methanol, catalyst weight, and reaction time with three different reaction conditions such as 65, 45 °C, and room temperature. The transesterification of palm oil to biodiesel achieved a conversion of >90% for all variables determined at a reaction temperature of 45 and 65 °C, respectively, while a maximum biodiesel conversion of 95.4 ± 2.8% was obtained at room temperature and a reaction time of 30 min. The addition of certain amounts of the catalyst is required to reuse the catalyst as the leaching study showed the reduction of 22% of catalyst weight. The ability of calcined WPFP to catalyze transesterification at room temperature opens up the possibility to reduce biodiesel production cost.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Waste Passion Fruit Peel as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Room-Temperature Biodiesel Production

et al. 2022

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“…Differently, adding ZnO to PLA induced thermal degradation phenomena, as revealed from the relative thermograms ( Table 1 ). It is reasonable to hypothesise that at high temperatures, the ZnO nanoparticles promoted chain cleavage, thereby decreasing the thermal stability of the PLA material [ 36 ]. Very interestingly, in the case of the PLA/PA11 nanocomposite blends, the presence of PA11, although as a minor component, induced an increase in the thermal stability compared to the PLA up to a 1% addition of ZnO.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photo- and Water-Degradation Phenomena of ZnO Bio-Blend Based on Poly(lactic acid) and Polyamide 11

et al. 2023

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The goal of this work was to investigate the morphological and chemical–physical changes induced by adding ZnO nanoparticles to bio-based polymeric materials based on polylactic acid (PLA) and polyamide 11 (PA11). Precisely, the photo- and water-degradation phenomena of nanocomposite materials were monitored. For this purpose, the formulation and characterization of novel bio-nanocomposite blends based on PLA and PA11 at a ratio of 70/30 wt.% filled with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures at different percentages were performed. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles (≤2 wt.%) within the blends was thoroughly explored by employing thermogravimetry (TGA), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Adding up to 1% wt. of ZnO resulted in a higher thermal stability of the PA11/PLA blends, with a decrement lower than 8% in terms of molar masses (MMs) values being obtained during blend processing at 200 °C. ZnO promoted trans-ester-amide reactions between the two polymers, leading to the formation of PLA/PA11 copolymers. These species could work as compatibilisers at the polymer interface, improving thermal and mechanical properties. However, the addition of higher quantities of ZnO affected such properties, influencing the photo-oxidative behaviour and thus thwarting the material’s application for packaging use. The PLA and blend formulations were subjected to natural aging in seawater for two weeks under natural light exposure. The 0.5% wt. ZnO sample induced polymer degradation with a decrease of 34% in the MMs compared to the neat samples.

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“…In the past few years, many excellent reviews have discussed biodiesel production from different aspects of using various thermal catalysts ( Ma and Hanna, 1999 ; Hoekman et al, 2012 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2020 ; Tan et al, 2021 ; Wang et al, 2021 ). However, there is a lack of discussion on the photocatalytic production of biodiesel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on the Photo-Driven Catalytic Production of Biodiesel

et al. 2022

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Biodiesel considered a green, environmentally friendly, and renewable energy source is one of the most promising candidates to replace fossil fuels to supply energy for the world. The conventional thermocatalytic methods have been extensively explored for producing biodiesel, while inevitably encountering some drawbacks, such as harsh operating conditions and high energy consumption. The catalytic production of biodiesel under mild conditions is a research hotspot but with difficulty. Photocatalysis has recently been highlighted as an eco-friendly and energy-saving approach for biodiesel production. This mini-review summarizes typical photocatalysts for biodiesel production and discusses in detail the catalytic mechanism and strategies of the photo-driven (trans)esterification to produce biodiesel. The current challenges and future opportunities of photo-driven catalysis to prepare biodiesel are also outlined, in steps towards guiding the design of advanced photocatalysts for biodiesel production.

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Heterogeneous ZnO-containing catalysts for efficient biodiesel production

Abstract: This review introduces recent advances in the catalytic conversion of oils into biodiesel using ZnO functional composite materials.

Cited by 53 publications

References 121 publications

Waste Passion Fruit Peel as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Room-Temperature Biodiesel Production

Waste Passion Fruit Peel as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for Room-Temperature Biodiesel Production

Photo- and Water-Degradation Phenomena of ZnO Bio-Blend Based on Poly(lactic acid) and Polyamide 11

Research Progress on the Photo-Driven Catalytic Production of Biodiesel

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