Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza A Virus Infections in Mallards May Explain Existence of Multiple Virus Subtypes

Latorre‐Margalef, Neus; Grosbois, Vladimir; Wahlgren, John; Munster, Vincent J.; Tolf, Conny; Fouchier, Ron A. M.; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.; Olsén, Björn; Waldenström, Jonas

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003443

Cited by 75 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…In nature, waterfowl are exposed to many AI viruses, so some degree of homosubtypic and heterosubtypic immunity is expected (77). This immunity could afford the ducks some protection; however, if the AI virus is highly infectious, it might still replicate in the ducks and cause ameliorated clinical signs, and normal bird behavior (e.g., migration) may not be impaired.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards

Pantin‐Jackwood

Costa-Hurtado

Shepherd

et al. 2016

J Virol

106

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IMPORTANCEThe spread of H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the Gs/GD lineage by migratory waterfowl is a serious concern for animal and public health. H5 and H7 HPAI viruses are considered to be adapted to gallinaceous species (chickens, turkeys, quail, etc.) and less likely to infect and transmit in wild ducks. In order to understand why this is different with certain Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses, we compared the pathogenicity and transmission of several H5 and H7 HPAI viruses from previous poultry outbreaks to Gs/GD lineage H5 viruses, including H5N1 (clade 2.2), H5N8 and H5N2 (clade 2.3.4.4) viruses, in mallards as a representative wild duck species. Surprisingly, most HPAI viruses examined in this study replicated well and transmitted among mallards; however, the three Gs/GD lineage H5 HPAI viruses replicated to higher titers, which could explain the transmission of these viruses in susceptible wild duck populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards

Pantin‐Jackwood

Costa-Hurtado

Shepherd

et al. 2016

J Virol

106

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“…Both of these observations suggest a population immunity effect. In addition, recent field studies have demonstrated that reduced viral shedding can result from previous exposures to viruses representing heterospecific HAs (24). In addition, ducks are inherently more resistant to disease from HP IAV infections than gallinaceous poultry, because they have retained the IFN-inducing RIG-I family of genes lost from the jungle fowl that are the precursors of domestic chickens (25).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

Krauss

Stallknecht

Slemons

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States—which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use—were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.

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“…We might predict that pressure from duck CD8 + T cell immunity and viral escape is partially responsible for diversity of viral proteins, just as Ab responses to hemagglutinin may explain prevalence of multiple viral subtypes. Immunity prevents reinfection with strains with related hemagglutinin for at least a month in the wild (70). Whether a cause or a consequence of this extensive pathogen diversity, extensive MHC class I diversity exists and is maintained in the mallard population from interbreeding at congregation sites, admixture from different flyways, and selection for pathogen resistance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extensive Allelic Diversity of MHC Class I in Wild Mallard Ducks

Fleming-Canepa

Jensen

Mesa

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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MHC class I is critically involved in defense against viruses, and diversity from polygeny and polymorphism contributes to the breadth of the immune response and health of the population. In this article, we examine MHC class I diversity in wild mallard ducks, the natural host and reservoir of influenza A viruses. We previously showed domestic ducks predominantly use UAA, one of five MHC class I genes, but whether biased expression is also true for wild mallards is unknown. Using RT-PCR from blood, we examined expressed MHC class I alleles from 38 wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and identified 61 unique alleles, typically 1 or 2 expressed alleles in each individual. To determine whether expressed alleles correspond to UAA adjacent to TAP2 as in domestic ducks, we cloned and sequenced genomic UAA-TAP2 fragments from all mallards, which matched transcripts recovered and allowed us to assign most alleles as UAA. Allelic differences are primarily located in α1 and α2 domains in the residues known to interact with peptide in mammalian MHC class I, suggesting the diversity is functional. Most UAA alleles have unique residues in the cleft predicting distinct specificity; however, six alleles have an unusual conserved cleft with two cysteine residues. Residues that influence peptide-loading properties and tapasin involvement in chicken are fixed in duck alleles and suggest tapasin independence. Biased expression of one MHC class I gene may make viral escape within an individual easy, but high diversity in the population places continual pressure on the virus in the reservoir species.

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Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza A Virus Infections in Mallards May Explain Existence of Multiple Virus Subtypes

Cited by 75 publications

References 55 publications

Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards

Pathogenicity and Transmission of H5 and H7 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Mallards

The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl

Extensive Allelic Diversity of MHC Class I in Wild Mallard Ducks

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